Winter Fenja, Schoneberg Clara, Wolf Annika, Bauer Benjamin U, Prüfer T Louise, Fischer Silke F, Gerdes Ursula, Runge Martin, Ganter Martin, Campe Amely
Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hanover, Germany.
Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants and Forensic Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hanover, Germany.
Front Vet Sci. 2021 Feb 10;8:623786. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.623786. eCollection 2021.
Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium . Inhalation of contaminated dust particles or aerosols originating from animals (esp. small ruminants) is the main source of human infection. Hence, an active early warning system for Q fever in German small ruminant livestock was conceptualized to prevent human infections. First, we describe the best practice for establishing this system before evaluating its feasibility, as the combination of both evokes conflicts. Vaginal swabs from all husbandry systems with a focus on reproductive females should pooled and investigated by PCR to detect -shedding animals. Multistage risk-based sampling shall be carried out at the flock level and within-flock level. At the flock level, all flocks that are at risk to transmit the pathogen to the public must be sampled. At the within-flock level, all primi- and multiparous females after lambing must be tested in order to increase the probability of identifying a positive herd. Sampling should be performed during the main lambing period and before migration in residential areas. Furthermore, individual animals should be tested before migration or exhibition to ensure a negative status. If a flock tests positive in at least one individual sample, then flock-specific preventive measures should be implemented. This approach implies huge financial costs (sample testing, action/control measures). Hence, taking the step to develop more feasible and affordable preventive measures, e.g., vaccinating small ruminant flocks, should replace testing wherever justifiable.
Q热是一种由细菌引起的人畜共患病。吸入来自动物（特别是小型反刍动物）的受污染尘埃颗粒或气溶胶是人类感染的主要来源。因此，为预防人类感染，德国针对小型反刍动物家畜制定了Q热主动预警系统。首先，在评估其可行性之前，我们先描述建立该系统的最佳做法，因为两者结合会引发冲突。应收集所有养殖系统中重点是繁殖母畜的阴道拭子，并通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）进行检测，以发现 shedding动物。应在畜群层面和畜群内部层面进行基于风险的多阶段抽样。在畜群层面，必须对所有有将病原体传播给公众风险的畜群进行抽样。在畜群内部层面，所有产羔后的初产和经产母畜都必须进行检测，以提高识别阳性畜群的概率。抽样应在主要产羔期和在居民区迁移之前进行。此外，个体动物在迁移或展览前应进行检测，以确保其阴性状态。如果一个畜群在至少一个个体样本中检测呈阳性，则应实施针对该畜群的预防措施。这种方法意味着巨大的财务成本（样本检测、行动/控制措施）。因此，为了采取措施制定更可行和更经济实惠的预防措施，例如给小型反刍动物畜群接种疫苗，在合理的情况下应取代检测。 （注：原文中“shedding animals”以及一些表述似乎不太准确完整，可能影响译文的精确性，但按照要求忠实翻译）
