Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; email:
Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; email:
Annu Rev Immunol. 2021 Apr 26;39:639-665. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-122827. Epub 2021 Mar 1.
Coevolutionary adaptation between humans and helminths has developed a finely tuned balance between host immunity and chronic parasitism due to immunoregulation. Given that these reciprocal forces drive selection, experimental models of helminth infection are ideally suited for discovering how host protective immune responses adapt to the unique tissue niches inhabited by these large metazoan parasites. This review highlights the key discoveries in the immunology of helminth infection made over the last decade, from innate lymphoid cells to the emerging importance of neuroimmune connections. A particular emphasis is placed on the emerging areas within helminth immunology where the most growth is possible, including the advent of genetic manipulation of parasites to study immunology and the use of engineered T cells for therapeutic options. Lastly,we cover the status of human challenge trials with helminths as treatment for autoimmune disease, which taken together, stand to keep the study of parasitic worms at the forefront of immunology for years to come.
由于免疫调节，人类和寄生虫之间的共同进化适应已经在宿主免疫和慢性寄生虫之间形成了精细的平衡。鉴于这些相互作用力推动了选择，寄生虫感染的实验模型非常适合发现宿主保护性免疫反应如何适应这些大型后生动物寄生虫栖息的独特组织小生境。本综述重点介绍了过去十年中在寄生虫感染免疫学方面的重要发现，从先天淋巴细胞到神经免疫联系的新兴重要性。特别强调了寄生虫免疫学中最有发展潜力的新兴领域，包括寄生虫遗传操作以研究免疫学和工程 T 细胞用于治疗选择。最后，我们介绍了寄生虫人体挑战试验作为自身免疫性疾病治疗的现状，这些试验将使寄生虫研究在未来几年保持免疫学的前沿地位。
