Department of Medicine, Section of Oncology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, AlmaMater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Methods Mol Biol. 2021;2292:203-212. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1354-2_18.
The pathogenesis of cancer involves multiple molecular alterations at the level of genome, epigenome, and stromal environment, resulting in several deregulated signal transduction pathways. Metabolites are not only end products of gene and protein expression but also a consequence of the mutual relationship between the genome and the internal environment. Considering that metabolites serve as a comprehensive chemical fingerprint of cell metabolism, metabolomics is emerging as the method able to discover metabolite biomarkers that can be developed for early cancer detection, prognosis, and response to treatment. Urine represents a noninvasive source, available and rich in metabolites, useful for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring. In this chapter, we reported the main published evidences on urinary metabolic biomarkers in the studied cancers related to hepatopancreatic and urinary tract with the aim at discussing their promising role in clinical practice.
癌症的发病机制涉及基因组、表观基因组和基质环境水平上的多个分子改变，导致几个信号转导通路失调。代谢物不仅是基因和蛋白质表达的终产物，也是基因组与内环境相互关系的结果。考虑到代谢物作为细胞代谢的综合化学指纹图谱，代谢组学正在成为发现可用于早期癌症检测、预后和治疗反应的代谢物生物标志物的方法。尿液是一种非侵入性的来源，可获得且富含代谢物，可用于癌症诊断、预后和治疗监测。在本章中，我们报告了与肝胆和泌尿道相关研究癌症中尿液代谢生物标志物的主要已发表证据，旨在讨论它们在临床实践中的有前途的作用。
