Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Environmental Sciences , Washington Luis Highway, km 235, São Carlos, Brazil.
Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Civil Engineering , Washington Luis Highway, km 235, São Carlos, Brazil.
Int J Biometeorol. 2021 Jul;65(7):1177-1187. doi: 10.1007/s00484-021-02099-9. Epub 2021 Mar 3.
Brazil is the country with the highest social inequality in South America. This socioeconomic disparity reflects not only on the families' income but also on their spatial localization in the city, as well as on the urban design. These urban environments can alter the urban microclimate, and consequently, interfere in dwellers' thermal comfort. This research investigated the relationship between socio-spatial inequalities and thermal comfort in two different Local Climate Zones (LCZ) using a combination of measurement and modeling. Air temperature (Tair) was obtained by on-site measurements in compact high-rise (LCZ1) and compact low-rise buildings (LCZ3) and Mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) was simulated using SOlar and LongWave Environmental Irradiance Geometry (SOLWEIG). The results indicated that in LCZ1 seafront-localized buildings, in which residents have a higher income, the temperature remains in a range classified as comfortable, mainly due to shading and sea breeze. On the other hand, LCZ3, located in the periphery of the city, in which the low-income population is concentrated and is marked by a precariousness urban environment, presented a higher air temperature and Tmrt values, exposing the dwellers to heat stress throughout the year, especially during the summer season. These observations suggested that public and private actions tend to promote better urban designs in areas with a higher concentration of income. Public reforms aimed at improving the urban environment and promoting thermal comfort should be a priority for the warmest LCZ, where the poorest residents live. Public agents should rethink the distribution of environmental resources to promote equitable urban spaces.
巴西是南美洲社会不平等程度最高的国家。这种社会经济差距不仅反映在家庭收入上，还反映在他们在城市中的空间定位以及城市设计上。这些城市环境可以改变城市微气候，从而影响居民的热舒适度。本研究使用测量和建模相结合的方法，调查了两个不同局部气候区（LCZ）中社会空间不平等与热舒适度之间的关系。通过在紧凑的高层建筑（LCZ1）和紧凑的低层建筑（LCZ3）现场测量获得空气温度（Tair），并使用 SOlar 和 LongWave Environmental Irradiance Geometry（SOLWEIG）模拟平均辐射温度（Tmrt）。结果表明，在 LCZ1 海滨定位的建筑物中，居民收入较高，温度保持在舒适范围内，主要是由于遮阳和海风的作用。另一方面，LCZ3 位于城市外围，低收入人群集中，城市环境不稳定，空气温度和 Tmrt 值较高，使居民全年都面临热应激，尤其是在夏季。这些观察结果表明，公共和私人行动往往会促进收入集中地区的更好的城市设计。改善城市环境和促进热舒适度的公共改革应该是最温暖的 LCZ 的优先事项，那里居住着最贫困的居民。公共机构应该重新思考环境资源的分配，以促进公平的城市空间。
