Komyshev E G, Genaev M A, Afonnikov D A
Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Kurchatov Genomic Center of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Kurchatov Genomic Center of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii. 2020 Jul;24(4):340-347. doi: 10.18699/VJ20.626.
The color of the grain shell of cereals is an important feature that characterizes the pigments and metabolites contained in it. The grain shell is the main barrier between the grain and the environment, so its characteristics are associated with a number of important biological functions: moisture absorption, grain viability, resistance to pre-harvest germination. The presence of pigments in the shell affects various technological properties of the grain. Color characteristics, as well as the appearance of the grain shell are an important indicator of plant diseases. In addition, the color of the grains serves as a classifying feature of plants. Genetic control of the color formation of both grains and other plant organs is exerted by genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of pigments, as well as regulatory genes. For a number of pigments, these genes are well understood, but for some pigments, such as melanin, which causes the black color of grains in barley, the molecular mechanisms of biosynthesis are still poorly understood. When studying the mechanisms of genetic control of grain color, breeders and geneticists are constantly faced with the need to assess the color characteristics of their shell. The technical means of addressing this problem include spectrophotometers, spectrometers, hyperspectral cameras. However, these cameras are expensive, especially with high resolution, both spatial and spectral. An alternative is to use digital cameras that allow you to get high-quality images with high spatial and color resolution. In this regard, recently, in the field of plant phenotyping, methods for evaluating the color and texture characteristics of cereals based on the analysis of two-dimensional images obtained by digital cameras have been intensively developed. This mini-review is devoted to the main tasks related to the analysis of color and texture characteristics of cereals, and to methods of their description based on digital images.
谷物谷壳的颜色是一个重要特征，它表征了其中所含的色素和代谢产物。谷壳是谷物与环境之间的主要屏障，因此其特性与许多重要的生物学功能相关：吸湿、谷物活力、抗穗发芽能力。谷壳中色素的存在会影响谷物的各种工艺特性。颜色特征以及谷壳的外观是植物病害的重要指标。此外，谷物的颜色是植物的分类特征。谷物和其他植物器官颜色形成的遗传控制由编码参与色素生物合成的酶的基因以及调控基因来实现。对于许多色素来说，这些基因已被充分了解，但对于一些色素，如导致大麦谷物变黑的黑色素，其生物合成的分子机制仍知之甚少。在研究谷物颜色的遗传控制机制时，育种者和遗传学家经常面临评估其谷壳颜色特征的需求。解决这个问题的技术手段包括分光光度计、光谱仪、高光谱相机。然而，这些相机价格昂贵，尤其是具有高空间分辨率和光谱分辨率的相机。另一种选择是使用数码相机，它可以获得具有高空间分辨率和颜色分辨率的高质量图像。在这方面，最近在植物表型分析领域，基于对数码相机获取的二维图像的分析来评估谷物颜色和质地特征的方法得到了深入发展。本综述致力于与谷物颜色和质地特征分析相关的主要任务，以及基于数字图像对其进行描述的方法。
