Li Zheng Sherry, Adams Jennifer Gotenstein, Chisholm Andrew D
Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Fac Rev. 2020 Dec 22;9:27. doi: 10.12703/r/9-27. eCollection 2020.
Apical extracellular matrices (aECMs) are the extracellular layers on the apical sides of epithelia. aECMs form the outer layer of the skin in most animals and line the luminal surface of internal tubular epithelia. Compared to the more conserved basal ECMs (basement membranes), aECMs are highly diverse between tissues and between organisms and have been more challenging to understand at mechanistic levels. Studies in several genetic model organisms are revealing new insights into aECM composition, biogenesis, and function and have begun to illuminate common principles and themes of aECM organization. There is emerging evidence that, in addition to mechanical or structural roles, aECMs can participate in reciprocal signaling with associated epithelia and other cell types. Studies are also revealing mechanisms underlying the intricate nanopatterns exhibited by many aECMs. In this review, we highlight recent findings from well-studied model systems, including the external cuticle and ductal aECMs of , and other insects and the internal aECMs of the vertebrate inner ear.
顶端细胞外基质（aECMs）是上皮细胞顶端侧的细胞外层。在大多数动物中，aECMs构成皮肤的外层，并衬于内部管状上皮的管腔表面。与更为保守的基底细胞外基质（基底膜）相比，aECMs在不同组织和生物体之间高度多样，在机制层面上更具挑战性。对几种遗传模式生物的研究正在揭示关于aECM组成、生物发生和功能的新见解，并已开始阐明aECM组织的共同原理和主题。越来越多的证据表明，除了机械或结构作用外，aECMs还可以与相关上皮细胞和其他细胞类型参与相互信号传导。研究还揭示了许多aECMs所呈现的复杂纳米图案背后的机制。在本综述中，我们重点介绍了来自经过充分研究的模型系统的最新发现，包括果蝇和其他昆虫的外部角质层和导管aECMs以及脊椎动物内耳的内部aECMs。
