Fascinating role of silicon to combat salinity stress in plants: An updated overview.

Salt stress limits plant growth and productivity by severely impacting the fundamental physiological processes. Silicon (Si) supplementation is considered one of the promising methods to improve plant resilience under salt stress. Here, the role of Si in modulating physiological and biochemical processes that get adversely affected by high salinity, is discussed. Although numerous reports show the beneficial effects of Si under stress, the precise molecular mechanism underlying this is not well understood. Questions like whether all plants are equally benefitted with Si supplementation despite having varying Si uptake capability and salinity tolerance are still elusive. This review illustrates the Si uptake and accumulation mechanism to understand the direct or indirect participation of Si in different physiological processes. Evaluation of plant responses at transcriptomics and proteomics levels are promising in understanding the role of Si. Integration of physiological understanding with omics scale information highlighted Si supplementation affecting the phytohormonal and antioxidant responses under salinity as a key factor defining improved resilience. Similarly, the crosstalk of Si with lignin and phenolic content under salt stress also seems to be an important phenomenon helping plants to reduce the stress. The present review also addressed various crucial mechanisms by which Si application alleviates salt stress, such as a decrease in oxidative damage, decreased lipid peroxidation, improved photosynthetic ability, and ion homeostasis. Besides, the application and challenges of using Si-nanoparticles have also been addressed. Comprehensive information and discussion provided here will be helpful to better understand the role of Si under salt stress.