Chouinard Gérald, Pelletier Francine, Vincent Charles
Laboratoire de Production Fruitière Intégrée, Institut de Recherche et de Développement en Agroenvironnement (IRDA), Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, QC J3V 0G7, Canada.
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Blvd., Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada.
Insects. 2021 Feb 25;12(3):197. doi: 10.3390/insects12030197.
A group of commercial orchards from Quebec (Canada) was followed from 1977 to 2019 as part of a project to implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices. Collected data comprised activity of major fruit pests (from monitoring traps), fruit damage at harvest and pesticide applications, from which the annual costs and impacts of protection programs over 42 years were calculated. Activity and fruit damage in commercial orchards were compared to patterns observed in a reference insecticide-free orchard. Some insects (European apple sawfly, codling moth, apple maggot) were more prevalent in the insecticide-free orchard than in commercial orchards, while others were more prevalent in commercial orchards (oblique-banded leafroller) or as prevalent in both orchard types (tarnished plant bug). Annual fruit damage in the insecticide-free orchard was mostly from the apple maggot (up to 98%), the plum curculio (up to 90%) and the codling moth (up to 58%). The average situation was different in commercial orchards, whose damage was mostly from the plum curculio (up to 7.6%), the tarnished plant bug (up to 7.5%) and the oblique-banded leafroller (up to 1.7%). While the number of registered pesticides, the number of applications and the total cost of pesticides gradually increased from 2002 to 2019, the risks incurred, as measured by indicators of environmental and health impacts, followed a downward trend for insecticides and acaricides and varied slightly for fungicides.
作为实施病虫害综合防治（IPM）措施项目的一部分，1977年至2019年对加拿大魁北克的一组商业果园进行了跟踪调查。收集的数据包括主要水果害虫的活动情况（通过监测诱捕器）、收获时的水果损伤情况以及农药施用情况，并据此计算了42年间保护计划的年度成本和影响。将商业果园中的害虫活动和水果损伤情况与在无杀虫剂对照果园中观察到的模式进行了比较。一些昆虫（欧洲苹果叶蜂、苹果蠹蛾、苹果实蝇）在无杀虫剂果园中比在商业果园中更为普遍，而另一些昆虫在商业果园中更为普遍（苹果斜带卷叶蛾）或在两种果园类型中普遍程度相同（梨小食心虫）。无杀虫剂果园的年度水果损伤主要来自苹果实蝇（高达98%）、李象甲（高达90%）和苹果蠹蛾（高达58%）。商业果园的平均情况则有所不同，其损伤主要来自李象甲（高达7.6%）、梨小食心虫（高达7.5%）和苹果斜带卷叶蛾（高达1.7%）。虽然从2002年到2019年，注册农药的数量、施用次数和农药总成本逐渐增加，但以环境和健康影响指标衡量的风险，杀虫剂和杀螨剂呈下降趋势，杀菌剂略有变化。
