Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Feb 20;22(4):2111. doi: 10.3390/ijms22042111.
Circadian rhythms exist in almost all types of cells in mammals. Thousands of genes exhibit approximately 24 h oscillations in their expression levels, making the circadian clock a crucial regulator of their normal functioning. In this regard, environmental factors to which internal physiological processes are synchronized (e.g., nutrition, feeding/eating patterns, timing and light exposure), become critical to optimize animal physiology, both by managing energy use and by realigning the incompatible processes. Once the circadian clock is disrupted, animals will face the increased risks of diseases, especially metabolic phenotypes. However, little is known about the molecular components of these clocks in domestic species and by which they respond to external stimuli. Here we review evidence for rhythmic control of livestock production and summarize the associated physiological functions, and the molecular mechanisms of the circadian regulation in pig, sheep and cattle. Identification of environmental and physiological inputs that affect circadian gene expressions will help development of novel targets and the corresponding approaches to optimize production efficiency in farm animals.
昼夜节律存在于哺乳动物的几乎所有类型的细胞中。数以千计的基因在其表达水平上表现出大约 24 小时的振荡，使得生物钟成为其正常功能的关键调节剂。在这方面，与内部生理过程同步的环境因素（例如营养、进食/饮食模式、时间和光照暴露）对于优化动物生理学变得至关重要，既能管理能量利用，又能调整不兼容的过程。一旦生物钟被打乱，动物将面临疾病风险增加的问题，特别是代谢表型。然而，关于这些时钟在家畜中的分子成分以及它们对外界刺激的反应，人们知之甚少。在这里，我们回顾了家畜生产的节律控制的证据，并总结了相关的生理功能，以及猪、绵羊和牛的生物钟调节的分子机制。鉴定影响昼夜节律基因表达的环境和生理输入将有助于开发新的靶点，并为优化家畜生产效率提供相应的方法。
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