Hepatic lipid metabolism is affected by a daily 3-meal pattern with varying dietary crude protein with a pig model.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of 3 meals administered daily with varying dietary crude protein (CP) contents on hepatic lipid metabolism with a pig model. Pigs were divided into 3 groups according to the following feeding patterns: feeding a basal CP diet 3 times daily (3C); feeding a high CP diet for breakfast, the basal CP diet for lunch, and a low CP diet for dinner (HCL); and feeding the low CP diet for breakfast, the basal CP diet for lunch, and the high protein diet for dinner (LCH). Three groups took equivalent diet per meal ensuring that every pig was fed with similar dietary formulae daily. Results showed that HCL feeding pattern reduced the relative kidney weight ( < 0.05), and LCH feeding pattern increased the relative liver weight of pigs ( < 0.05) when compared with those in the 3C group. Plasma urea nitrogen ( < 0.01) and lipase ( < 0.05) decreased in the HCL group but increased in the LCH group. Both HCL and LCH feeding patterns reduced plasma triglycerides ( < 0.01), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) ( < 0.01), and hepatic crude fat (0.05 <  < 0.10) of pigs. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) results showed that dynamic feeding patterns down-regulated ( < 0.05) the mRNA level of lipid metabolism related genes, including adipose triglyceride lipase , acetyl-CoA carboxylase (), liver X receptor () in the liver, and negatively regulate elements of circadian clock, including period 1 (), period 2 (), cryptochrome (), which in turn, upregulated ( < 0.05) the protein expression of positive regulate element brain and muscle Arnt-like 1 (BMAL1) when compared with 3C group. Overall, our findings suggested that dynamic feeding patterns may affect hepatic lipid metabolism via regulation of the circadian clock.