A Comparative Study on the Dissolution of Silk Fibroin and Fabrication of Films and Nanofibers.

Limited studies have been done on silk fibroins of wild silkworm species owing to their relative insolubility in many solvents. In this study, the solubility of wild silk fibroin in different salts (LiBr, LiCl, Ca(NO), and CaCl) dissolved in formic acid under varying temperatures was investigated. The dissolution conditions under which the solubility was optimum were optimized using a central composite design approach. The optimum range for solvation of the fibroin were visualized using contour plots. The influence of temperature and salt concentration were found to significantly influence the solvation of the fibroin. Following the successful dissolution of the fibroin, the regenerated silk fibroin solutions were cast to obtain water insoluble films which were used in investigating optimum electrospinning conditions. Average nanofiber diameters in the 110-141 nm range were obtained under optimum electrospinning conditions. The silk forms were characterized using the FTIR, TGA, XRD, and SEM to understand their properties. The investigations revealed that formic acid-salt solvents were effective in the solvation of the wild silk fibroin. Some of the dissolution conditions induced mild effects on the silk fibroin while others were harsh. Furthermore, processing to nanofibers resulted in the degradation of the β-sheets producing nanofibers rich in α-helices. However, post-treatment using methanol and water vapor were effective in restoring β-sheet crystallinity.