Institute of Water and Energy Sciences (Incl. Climate Change), Pan African University, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria.
Ghana Integrated Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, World Vision, Tamale, Ghana.
Sci Rep. 2021 Mar 5;11(1):5314. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84617-8.
This paper assesses water quality that is used for vegetable irrigation in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. A mixed-method of research design was employed in this study to collect and analyze the data based on survey instruments. The paper found that Escherichia coli (E. coli) that is usually used as an indicator of water contamination and heavy metals exist in all taken water samples. The mean concentrations of nutrients such as ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate were recorded as 0.022 mg/l to 5.98 mg/l for ammonia, 1.06 mg/l to 7.52 mg/l for nitrate, 0.031 mg/l to 0.056 mg/l for nitrate and 0.037 mg/l to 0.069 mg/l for phosphate. E. coli and Total Coliforms levels for Sanghani, Kamina and Waterworks from the laboratory analysis were recorded as 3.2 × 10 CFU 100 m/l and 5.5 × 10 CFU 100 m/l, 4.0 × 10 CFU 100 m/l and 1 × 10 CFU 100 m/l, and 2.1 × 10 CFU 100 m/l and 4.6 × 10 CFU 100 m/l respectively. To conclude, based on the measured parameters, water used for irrigation in the Tamale Metropolitan is polluted and may cause potential health risks. Therefore, farmers, traders and consumers need to apply further safety measures to make the vegetables safe.
本文评估了加纳塔马利都会区用于蔬菜灌溉的水质。本研究采用混合研究设计方法，使用调查工具收集和分析数据。本文发现，所有采集水样中均存在用作水污染和重金属指示物的大肠杆菌（E. coli）。所记录的氨、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和磷酸盐等营养物质的平均浓度分别为氨 0.022 mg/l 至 5.98 mg/l、硝酸盐 1.06 mg/l 至 7.52 mg/l、硝酸盐 0.031 mg/l 至 0.056 mg/l 和磷酸盐 0.037 mg/l 至 0.069 mg/l。从实验室分析得出，桑加尼、卡米纳和自来水厂的大肠杆菌和总大肠菌群水平分别为 3.2×10 CFU 100 ml 和 5.5×10 CFU 100 ml、4.0×10 CFU 100 ml 和 1×10 CFU 100 ml、2.1×10 CFU 100 ml 和 4.6×10 CFU 100 ml。总之，根据测量的参数，塔马利大都市区用于灌溉的水受到了污染，可能会造成潜在的健康风险。因此，农民、贸易商和消费者需要采取进一步的安全措施，确保蔬菜安全。
