Omrani Marzieh, Keshavarz Mohsen, Nejad Ebrahimi Samad, Mehrabi Meysam, McGaw Lyndy J, Ali Abdalla Muna, Mehrbod Parvaneh
Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Medical Virology, The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
Front Pharmacol. 2021 Feb 17;11:586993. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.586993. eCollection 2020.
The emergence of viral pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV), known as the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), resulted in a contagious acute respiratory infectious disease in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Its alarmingly quick transmission to many countries across the world and a considerable percentage of morbidity and mortality made the World Health Organization recognize it as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The perceived risk of infection has led many research groups to study COVID-19 from different aspects. In this literature review, the phylogenetics and taxonomy of COVID-19 coronavirus, epidemiology, and respiratory viruses similar to COVID-19 and their mode of action are documented in an approach to understand the behavior of the current virus. Moreover, we suggest targeting the receptors of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 such as ACE2 and other proteins including 3CLpro and PLpro for improving antiviral activity and immune response against COVID-19 disease. Additionally, since phytochemicals play an essential role in complementary therapies for viral infections, we summarized different bioactive natural products against the mentioned respiratory viruses with a focus on influenza A, SARS-CoV, MERS, and COVID-19.Based on current literature, 130 compounds have antiviral potential, and of these, 94 metabolites demonstrated bioactivity against coronaviruses. Interestingly, these are classified in different groups of natural products, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and others. Most of these compounds comprise flavonoid skeletons. Based on our survey, xanthoangelol E (), isolated from (Miq.) Koidz showed inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV PLpro with the best IC value of 1.2 μM. Additionally, hispidulin (), quercetin (), rutin (), saikosaponin D (), glycyrrhizin (), and hesperetin () had remarkable antiviral potential against different viral infections. Among these compounds, quercetin () exhibited antiviral activities against influenza A, SARS-CoV, and COVID-19 and this seems to be a highly promising compound. In addition, our report discusses the obstacles and future perspectives to highlight the importance of developing screening programs to investigate potential natural medicines against COVID-19.
一种新型冠状病毒（CoV）引发的病毒性肺炎，即2019新型冠状病毒（2019 - nCoV），于2019年12月在中国湖北省武汉市引发了一种具有传染性的急性呼吸道传染病。它惊人地迅速传播到世界许多国家，并且相当比例的发病率和死亡率使得世界卫生组织在2020年3月11日将其认定为大流行病。这种可感知的感染风险促使许多研究团队从不同方面对新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID - 19）展开研究。在这篇文献综述中，记录了COVID - 19冠状病毒的系统发育学和分类学、流行病学，以及与COVID - 19相似的呼吸道病毒及其作用方式，以了解当前这种病毒的特性。此外，我们建议针对严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒（SARS - CoV）和严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS - CoV - 2）的受体，如血管紧张素转换酶2（ACE2）以及其他蛋白质，包括3C样蛋白酶（3CLpro）和木瓜样蛋白酶（PLpro），来提高抗病毒活性以及针对COVID - 19疾病的免疫反应。另外，由于植物化学物质在病毒感染的辅助治疗中起着至关重要的作用，我们总结了针对上述呼吸道病毒的不同生物活性天然产物，重点关注甲型流感病毒、SARS - CoV、中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒（MERS）和COVID - 19。基于当前文献，有130种化合物具有抗病毒潜力，其中94种代谢产物对冠状病毒表现出生物活性。有趣的是，这些化合物被归类于不同的天然产物组，包括生物碱、黄酮类、萜类等。这些化合物大多含有黄酮类骨架。根据我们的调查，从当归属植物独活（(Miq.) Koidz）中分离出的异欧前胡素E（）对SARS - CoV PLpro表现出抑制活性，最佳半数抑制浓度（IC）值为1.2 μM。此外，滨蓟黄素（）、槲皮素（）、芦丁（）、柴胡皂苷D（）、甘草酸（）和橙皮素（）对不同病毒感染具有显著的抗病毒潜力。在这些化合物中，槲皮素（）对甲型流感病毒、SARS - CoV和COVID - 19均表现出抗病毒活性，这似乎是一种非常有前景的化合物。此外，我们的报告讨论了障碍和未来展望，以突出开展筛选项目来研究针对COVID - 19的潜在天然药物的重要性。
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