Czyż Stanisław H
Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
Faculty of Sport Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.
Front Psychol. 2021 Feb 19;12:639131. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.639131. eCollection 2021.
Decision-making is a complex action requiring efficient information processing. Specifically, in movement in which performance efficiency depends on reaction time, e.g., open-loop controlled movements, these processes may play a crucial role. Information processing includes three distinct stages, stimulus identification, response selection, and response programming. Mainly, response selection may play a substantial contribution to the reaction time and appropriate decision making. The duration of this stage depends on the number of possible choices an individual has to "screen" to make a proper decision. Given that reaction time is crucial in many sports, the possibilities of reducing it through practice are very tempting. The information processing and its relationship to the manner an individual is practicing are discussed. Especially the variability of practice issues will be explored. In variable practice conditions, an individual has to react to one or more stimuli and has to produce one of the many variations of the same movement or different movements they learned. One has to identify a stimulus appropriately and has to select a response optimally, i.e., choosing from as few choices as possible to reduce the reaction time. On the other hand, in constant practice conditions, an individual can be exposed to one or many stimuli. Still, there is only one variation of the movement that can be executed in the presence of a learned stimulus. Based on the information processing theory and the results of the research focusing on variability of practice, I discuss how the practice conditions may affect reaction time and, as a result, the decision-making process. I conceptually frame the possible implications of practice conditions on decision making related to information processing. In this review, a possible mechanism and relationship between practice conditions and decision-making are presented. Future research directions are presented.
决策是一个复杂的行为，需要高效的信息处理。具体而言，在表现效率取决于反应时间的运动中，例如开环控制运动，这些过程可能起着至关重要的作用。信息处理包括三个不同阶段：刺激识别、反应选择和反应编程。主要地，反应选择可能对反应时间和恰当的决策做出重大贡献。这个阶段的持续时间取决于个体为做出正确决策而必须“筛选”的可能选择的数量。鉴于反应时间在许多运动中至关重要，通过练习来缩短它的可能性非常诱人。本文讨论了信息处理及其与个体练习方式的关系。尤其将探讨练习问题的变异性。在可变练习条件下，个体必须对一个或多个刺激做出反应，并且必须做出他们所学的同一运动或不同运动的多种变化形式之一。个体必须适当地识别刺激并最优地选择反应，即从尽可能少的选择中进行选择以缩短反应时间。另一方面，在固定练习条件下，个体可能会接触到一个或多个刺激。然而，在习得的刺激出现时，只能执行一种运动变化形式。基于信息处理理论以及关注练习变异性的研究结果，我讨论了练习条件如何可能影响反应时间，进而影响决策过程。我从概念上阐述了练习条件对与信息处理相关的决策的可能影响。在这篇综述中，呈现了练习条件与决策之间可能的机制和关系。还提出了未来的研究方向。
