Valdivia Guillermo, Alonso-Diez Ángela, Pérez-Alenza Dolores, Peña Laura
Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Front Vet Sci. 2021 Feb 17;8:623800. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.623800. eCollection 2021.
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are the most common neoplasm in intact female dogs. Canine mammary cancer (CMC) represents 50% of CMTs, and besides surgery, which is the elective treatment, additional targeted and non-targeted therapies could offer benefits in terms of survival to these patients. Also, CMC is considered a good spontaneous intermediate animal model for the research of human breast cancer (HBC), and therefore, the study of new treatments for CMC is a promising field in comparative oncology. Dogs with CMC have a comparable disease, an intact immune system, and a much shorter life span, which allows the achievement of results in a relatively short time. Besides conventional chemotherapy, innovative therapies have a large niche of opportunities. In this article, a comprehensive review of the current research in adjuvant therapies for CMC is conducted to gather available information and evaluate the perspectives. Firstly, updates are provided on the clinical-pathological approach and the use of conventional therapies, to delve later into precision therapies against therapeutic targets such as hormone receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, 53 tumor suppressor gene, cyclooxygenases, the signaling pathways involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and immunotherapy in different approaches. A comparison of the different investigations on targeted therapies in HBC is also carried out. In the last years, the increasing number of basic research studies of new promising therapeutic agents on CMC cell lines and CMC mouse xenografts is outstanding. As the main conclusion of this review, the lack of effort to bring the studies into the field of applied clinical research emerges. There is a great need for well-planned large prospective randomized clinical trials in dogs with CMC to obtain valid results for both species, humans and dogs, on the use of new therapies. Following the One Health concept, human and veterinary oncology will have to join forces to take advantage of both the economic and technological resources that are invested in HBC research, together with the innumerable advantages of dogs with CMC as a spontaneous animal model.
犬乳腺肿瘤（CMTs）是未绝育雌性犬中最常见的肿瘤。犬乳腺癌（CMC）占CMTs的50%，除了作为首选治疗方法的手术外，额外的靶向和非靶向治疗可能会给这些患者带来生存益处。此外，CMC被认为是研究人类乳腺癌（HBC）的良好自发中间动物模型，因此，研究CMC的新治疗方法是比较肿瘤学中一个有前景的领域。患有CMC的犬具有类似的疾病、完整的免疫系统和更短的寿命，这使得能够在相对较短的时间内取得研究成果。除了传统化疗外，创新疗法有很大的机会空间。本文对目前CMC辅助治疗的研究进行了全面综述，以收集现有信息并评估前景。首先，介绍临床病理方法和传统疗法的使用情况，随后深入探讨针对激素受体、酪氨酸激酶受体、53肿瘤抑制基因、环氧化酶、上皮-间质转化相关信号通路等治疗靶点的精准疗法，以及不同方法的免疫疗法。还对HBC靶向治疗的不同研究进行了比较。在过去几年中，对新的有前景治疗药物在CMC细胞系和CMC小鼠异种移植模型上的基础研究数量不断增加，这一点很突出。作为本综述的主要结论，将这些研究引入应用临床研究领域的努力不足。非常需要针对患有CMC的犬进行精心设计的大型前瞻性随机临床试验，以便在人类和犬类这两个物种中获得关于新疗法使用的有效结果。遵循“同一健康”概念，人类肿瘤学和兽医肿瘤学将不得不联合起来，利用投入到HBC研究中的经济和技术资源，以及患有CMC的犬作为自发动物模型所具有的无数优势。
