Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA.
Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA.
Environ Res. 2021 Jun;197:110978. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110978. Epub 2021 Mar 6.
The skin is a complex organ responsible for protecting the body from physical, chemical and biological insults. The skin microbiome is known to play an important role in protecting the host from skin infections. This study examined the skin microbiome and the changes in antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), antibiotic biosynthesis genes (ABSGs) and virulence factor genes (VFGs) on human skin before and after swimming in the ocean. Skin microbiome samples were collected from human participants before and after they swam in the ocean, and at 6 h and 24 h post-swim. The samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequencing. The results showed that not only is the skin microbiome composition altered after swimming, but the abundance and diversity of ARGs, ABSGs and VFGs on the skin increased post-swim. Overall, there was an increase in total ARGs by 70.6% from before to after swimming. The elevated number of ARGs persisted and continued to increase for at least 6 h post-swim with greater than a 300% increase in comparison with samples collected before ocean swimming. The outcomes of the study support the epidemiological observations of increased risk of skin infections after swimming in the ocean. Cleaning the skin immediately after recreational ocean activities is recommended to reduce the opportunity for infection.
皮肤是一个复杂的器官，负责保护身体免受物理、化学和生物的侵害。皮肤微生物组被认为在保护宿主免受皮肤感染方面起着重要作用。本研究调查了人类皮肤在海洋游泳前后的皮肤微生物组以及抗生素耐药基因（ARGs）、抗生素生物合成基因（ABSGs）和毒力因子基因（VFGs）的变化。在人类参与者游泳前后以及游泳后 6 小时和 24 小时采集皮肤微生物组样本，并使用 16S rRNA 基因和 shotgun 宏基因组测序进行分析。结果表明，游泳后皮肤微生物组组成发生改变，游泳后皮肤表面的 ARGs、ABSGs 和 VFGs 的丰度和多样性增加。总的来说，游泳后总 ARGs 增加了 70.6%。升高的 ARGs 数量在游泳后至少 6 小时内持续增加，与游泳前采集的样本相比增加了 300%以上。该研究结果支持游泳后皮肤感染风险增加的流行病学观察。建议在休闲海洋活动后立即清洁皮肤，以减少感染的机会。
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