Ali Aasim M, Langberg Håkon A, Hale Sarah E, Kallenborn Roland, Hartz William F, Mortensen Åse-Karen, Ciesielski Tomasz Maciej, McDonough Carrie A, Jenssen Bjørn Munro, Breedveld Gijs D
Department of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen NO-5817, Norway.
Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2021 Apr 1;23(4):588-604. doi: 10.1039/d0em00510j. Epub 2021 Mar 11.
Although poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in the Arctic, their sources and fate in Arctic marine environments remain unclear. Herein, abiotic media (water, snow, and sediment) and biotic media (plankton, benthic organisms, fish, crab, and glaucous gull) were sampled to study PFAS uptake and fate in the marine food web of an Arctic Fjord in the vicinity of Longyearbyen (Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic). Samples were collected from locations impacted by a firefighting training site (FFTS) and a landfill as well as from a reference site. Mean concentration in the landfill leachate was 643 ± 84 ng L, while it was 365 ± 8.0 ng L in a freshwater pond and 57 ± 4.0 ng L in a creek in the vicinity of the FFTS. These levels were an order of magnitude higher than in coastal seawater of the nearby fjord (maximum level , at the FFTS impacted site). PFOS was the most predominant compound in all seawater samples and in freshly fallen snow (63-93% of ). In freshwater samples from the Longyear river and the reference site, PFCA ≤ C were the predominant PFAS (37-59%), indicating that both local point sources and diffuse sources contributed to the exposure of the marine food web in the fjord. concentrations increased from zooplankton (1.1 ± 0.32 μg kg ww) to polychaete (2.8 ± 0.80 μg kg ww), crab (2.9 ± 0.70 μg kg ww whole-body), fish liver (5.4 ± 0.87 μg kg ww), and gull liver (62.2 ± 11.2 μg kg). PFAS profiles changed with increasing trophic level from a large contribution of 6:2 FTS, FOSA and long-chained PFCA in zooplankton and polychaetes to being dominated by linear PFOS in fish and gull liver. The PFOS isomer profile (branched versus linear) in the active FFTS and landfill was similar to historical ECF PFOS. A similar isomer profile was observed in seawater, indicating major contribution from local sources. However, a PFOS isomer profile enriched by the linear isomer was observed in other media (sediment and biota). Substitutes for PFOS, namely 6:2 FTS and PFBS, showed bioaccumulation potential in marine invertebrates. However, these compounds were not found in organisms at higher trophic levels.
尽管多氟和全氟烷基物质（PFAS）在北极地区普遍存在，但其在北极海洋环境中的来源和归宿仍不明确。在此，采集了非生物介质（水、雪和沉积物）和生物介质（浮游生物、底栖生物、鱼类、螃蟹和白翅鸥）样本，以研究PFAS在朗伊尔城（斯瓦尔巴群岛，挪威北极地区）附近一个北极峡湾海洋食物网中的吸收和归宿情况。样本采集自受消防训练场（FFTS）和垃圾填埋场影响的地点以及一个参考地点。垃圾渗滤液中的平均浓度为643±84纳克/升，而在淡水池塘中为365±8.0纳克/升，在FFTS附近的一条小溪中为57±4.0纳克/升。这些水平比附近峡湾的沿海海水（在受FFTS影响的地点最高水平）高出一个数量级。全氟辛烷磺酸是所有海水样本和新降雪中最主要的化合物（占总量的63 - 93%）。在朗伊尔河和参考地点的淡水样本中，全氟羧酸≤C是主要的PFAS（占37 - 59%），这表明本地点源和扩散源都对峡湾海洋食物网的暴露有贡献。浓度从浮游动物（1.1±0.32微克/千克湿重）增加到多毛纲动物（2.8±0.80微克/千克湿重）、螃蟹（2.9±0.70微克/千克全身湿重）、鱼肝（5.4±0.87微克/千克湿重）和鸥肝（62.2±11.2微克/千克）。随着营养级的升高，PFAS谱发生变化，从浮游动物和多毛纲动物中6:2 FTS、FOSA和长链全氟羧酸的大量贡献，到鱼类和鸥肝中以线性全氟辛烷磺酸为主。活跃的FFTS和垃圾填埋场中的全氟辛烷磺酸异构体谱（支链与线性）与历史上的欧洲共同生产的全氟辛烷磺酸相似。在海水中也观察到类似的异构体谱，表明主要来自本地源。然而，在其他介质（沉积物和生物群）中观察到了以线性异构体富集的全氟辛烷磺酸异构体谱。全氟辛烷磺酸的替代品，即6:2 FTS和全氟丁烷磺酸，在海洋无脊椎动物中显示出生物累积潜力。然而，在较高营养级的生物中未发现这些化合物。
