Rodriguez Carl Erwin B, Ouyang Lisa, Kandasamy Ram
Department of Psychology, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, California, USA.
Behav Pharmacol. 2022 Apr 1;33(2&3):130-157. doi: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000627.
Cannabis has been used for centuries for its medicinal properties. Given the dangerous and unpleasant side effects of existing analgesics, the chemical constituents of Cannabis have garnered significant interest for their antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. To date, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) remain the two most widely studied constituents of Cannabis in animals. These studies have led to formulations of THC and CBD for human use; however, chronic pain patients also use different strains of Cannabis (sativa, indica and ruderalis) to alleviate their pain. These strains contain major cannabinoids, such as THC and CBD, but they also contain a wide variety of cannabinoid and noncannabinoid constituents. Although the analgesic effects of Cannabis are attributed to major cannabinoids, evidence indicates other constituents such as minor cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids also produce antinociception against animal models of acute, inflammatory, neuropathic, muscle and orofacial pain. In some cases, these constituents produce antinociception that is equivalent or greater compared to that produced by traditional analgesics. Thus, a better understanding of the extent to which these constituents produce antinociception alone in animals is necessary. The purposes of this review are to (1) introduce the different minor cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids found in Cannabis and (2) discuss evidence of their antinociceptive properties in animals.
几个世纪以来，大麻因其药用特性而被使用。鉴于现有镇痛药存在危险且令人不适的副作用，大麻的化学成分因其抗伤害感受、抗炎和神经保护作用而备受关注。迄今为止，Δ9-四氢大麻酚（THC）和大麻二酚（CBD）仍然是动物中大麻研究最为广泛的两种成分。这些研究促使了THC和CBD用于人类的制剂研发；然而，慢性疼痛患者也使用不同品种的大麻（如大麻、印度大麻和野生大麻）来缓解疼痛。这些品种含有主要的大麻素，如THC和CBD，但它们也含有多种大麻素和非大麻素成分。尽管大麻的镇痛作用归因于主要大麻素，但有证据表明，其他成分如次要大麻素、萜类化合物和黄酮类化合物也能对急性、炎症性、神经性、肌肉性和口面部疼痛的动物模型产生抗伤害感受作用。在某些情况下，这些成分产生的抗伤害感受作用与传统镇痛药相当或更强。因此，有必要更好地了解这些成分在动物体内单独产生抗伤害感受作用的程度。本综述的目的是：（1）介绍大麻中发现的不同次要大麻素、萜类化合物和黄酮类化合物；（2）讨论它们在动物体内抗伤害感受特性的证据。
