Leishmaniasis Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
Immunology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1286:87-105. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-55035-6_6.
Gut microbiota has essential roles in the prevention and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). The association between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system (CNS) or immune system response of MS patients has been documented in many studies. The composition of the gut microbiota could lead to sensitization or resistance against promotion and development of MS disease. Probiotics are the major part of gut microflorapopulation and could be substituted with tolerogenic probiotics that protect the CNS against autoimmune responses. Tolerogenic probiotics with anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory properties have effects on intestinal flora and can reestablish regulatory mucosal and systemic immune responses. Probiotics are able to prevent and restore excessive activation of inflammatory responses, especially autoreactive T cells and inflammatory cytokines. Tolerogenic probiotics, through induction of regulatory T cells and increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines, play a crucial role in controlling inflammation and maintaining tolerance and hemostasis. Therefore, probiotics can be considered as a preventive or therapeutic tool in MS. In the present review, we focus on the immunoregulatory effects of tolerogenic probiotics on the severity of disease, as well as Th1, Th2, and Treg populations in different experimental and human studies of MS.
肠道微生物群在多发性硬化症（MS）的预防和进展中起着重要作用。许多研究已经记录了肠道微生物群与多发性硬化症患者的中枢神经系统（CNS）或免疫系统反应之间的关联。肠道微生物群的组成可能导致多发性硬化症疾病的促进和发展产生致敏或抵抗。益生菌是肠道微生物群的主要组成部分，可以用具有免疫耐受特性的益生菌来替代，这些益生菌可以保护中枢神经系统免受自身免疫反应的影响。具有抗炎和免疫调节特性的免疫耐受益生菌对肠道菌群有影响，并能重新建立调节性黏膜和系统性免疫反应。益生菌能够预防和恢复炎症反应的过度激活，特别是自身反应性 T 细胞和炎症细胞因子。免疫耐受益生菌通过诱导调节性 T 细胞和增加抗炎细胞因子，在控制炎症和维持耐受和止血方面发挥着关键作用。因此，益生菌可以被认为是多发性硬化症的一种预防或治疗工具。在本综述中，我们重点关注免疫耐受益生菌对多发性硬化症严重程度以及不同实验和人类研究中 Th1、Th2 和 Treg 群体的免疫调节作用。
