Wald Mike
University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
Front Artif Intell. 2021 Jan 18;3:571955. doi: 10.3389/frai.2020.571955. eCollection 2020.
This study aims to help people working in the field of AI understand some of the unique issues regarding disabled people and examines the relationship between the terms "Personalisation" and "Classification" with regard to disability inclusion. Classification using big data struggles to cope with the individual uniqueness of disabled people, and whereas developers tend to design for the majority so ignoring outliers, designing for edge cases would be a more inclusive approach. Other issues that are discussed in the study include personalising mobile technology accessibility settings with interoperable profiles to allow ubiquitous accessibility; the ethics of using genetic data-driven personalisation to ensure babies are not born with disabilities; the importance of including disabled people in decisions to help understand AI implications; the relationship between localisation and personalisation as assistive technologies need localising in terms of language as well as culture; the ways in which AI could be used to create personalised symbols for people who find it difficult to communicate in speech or writing; and whether blind or visually impaired person will be permitted to "drive" an autonomous car. This study concludes by suggesting that the relationship between the terms "Personalisation" and "Classification" with regards to AI and disability inclusion is a very unique one because of the heterogeneity in contrast to the other protected characteristics and so needs unique solutions.
本研究旨在帮助人工智能领域的工作人员了解一些与残疾人相关的独特问题,并探讨“个性化”和“分类”这两个术语在残疾包容方面的关系。利用大数据进行分类难以应对残疾人的个体独特性,而且开发者往往倾向于为大多数人设计,从而忽略了异常值,而为极端情况设计则是一种更具包容性的方法。该研究中讨论的其他问题包括:通过可互操作的配置文件对移动技术的无障碍设置进行个性化,以实现无处不在的无障碍访问;使用基因数据驱动的个性化以确保婴儿不患有残疾的伦理问题;让残疾人参与决策以帮助理解人工智能影响的重要性;本地化与个性化之间的关系,因为辅助技术在语言和文化方面都需要本地化;人工智能可用于为难以通过言语或书写进行交流的人创建个性化符号的方式;以及盲人或视力障碍者是否将被允许“驾驶”自动驾驶汽车。本研究最后指出,由于与其他受保护特征相比存在异质性,“个性化”和“分类”这两个术语在人工智能和残疾包容方面的关系非常独特,因此需要独特的解决方案。