Physical Geography Area, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla 41013, Spain.
FCMA-CIMA, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000 Faro, Portugal.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 May 10;768:144987. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.144987. Epub 2021 Jan 8.
Human occupation of and alteration of the world's coast has transformed large stretches of it into Coupled Human-Natural Systems (CHANS) in which humans both influence and are influenced by coastal evolution. In such systems, human activity is as critical on natural resilience as processes and sediment supply derived from the natural setting. Pre- and post-storm observations of these interactions on the intensively developed Atlantic coast of the Gulf of Cádiz, (Spain and Portugal) are examined to determine natural and engineering resilience. Three case studies are used in three CHANS, showing that human interventions interact in complex ways with the natural system influencing post-storm recovery. In natural coasts, storm impact is assessed in terms of geomorphological response; on developed coasts, it is quantified as damage to infrastructure or loss of amenity. Preparedness, availability of resources, choice of response and the speed at which human agencies respond affect resilience for post-storm beach behaviour. Results show in some sites natural resilience adjusting by post-storm sediment transfers and an equilibrium morphology that may differ from pre-storm morphology; engineering resilience ensured that CHANS regained their pre-storm human infrastructure and amenity. Their management requires a fundamentally different approach to that of natural coastlines. The current immature stage of understanding of CHANS (especially the human preparedness and response components) is illustrated by the case studies presented where short-term political decisions and reactions to storms play a strong role in post-storm response. The nature and extent of many developed coasts as CHANS is slowly becoming more widely acknowledged, but to increase natural resilience and decrease vulnerability in CHANS better planning is required so that future storms are anticipated and when they happen, pre-planned human response actions are activated. Storms are an integral and inevitable element in the behaviour of coastal CHANS, not a disaster or emergency.
人类对世界海岸的占据和改变已经将大片地区转变为耦合的人类-自然系统 (CHANS)，在这些系统中，人类既影响也受海岸演变的影响。在这些系统中，人类活动与自然恢复力一样关键，与自然环境中产生的过程和沉积物供应一样关键。本研究通过对西班牙和葡萄牙加的斯湾大西洋沿岸高强度开发地区这些相互作用的风暴前后观测，来确定自然和工程恢复力。在三个 CHANS 中使用了三个案例研究，结果表明，人类干预以复杂的方式与自然系统相互作用，影响风暴后的恢复。在自然海岸，风暴影响是根据地貌响应来评估的；在开发海岸，它是根据基础设施损坏或舒适性丧失来量化的。备灾能力、资源可用性、应对选择以及人类机构应对的速度都会影响风暴后海滩行为的恢复力。研究结果表明，在某些地点，自然恢复力通过风暴后沉积物转移和可能与风暴前形态不同的平衡形态来调整；工程恢复力确保了 CHANS 恢复了其风暴前的人类基础设施和舒适性。它们的管理需要一种与自然海岸线根本不同的方法。通过呈现的案例研究说明了 CHANS 理解的不成熟阶段（特别是人类准备和应对组件），在这些案例中，短期的政治决策和对风暴的反应在风暴后应对中发挥了重要作用。许多开发海岸作为 CHANS 的性质和范围正在逐渐得到更广泛的认可，但为了提高 CHANS 的自然恢复力并降低脆弱性，需要更好的规划，以便预见未来的风暴，并在发生时激活预先规划的人类应对措施。风暴是海岸 CHANS 行为的一个不可或缺的、不可避免的组成部分，而不是灾难或紧急情况。
