系统评价 3-12 岁儿童户外活动和时间的相关因素。
Systematic review of the correlates of outdoor play and time among children aged 3-12 years.
机构信息
School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
Department of Gender Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
出版信息
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2021 Mar 18;18(1):41. doi: 10.1186/s12966-021-01097-9.
BACKGROUND
Due to the myriad of benefits of children's outdoor play and time, there is increasing concern over its decline. This systematic review synthesized evidence on the correlates of outdoor play and outdoor time among children aged 3-12 years.
METHODS
A total of 12 electronic databases in five different languages (Chinese, English, Korean, Spanish, Portuguese) were searched between October 28, 2019 and July 27, 2020. Covidence software was used for screening and Microsoft Excel with a predesigned coding form was used for data extraction. Evidence was synthesized and correlates were categorized using the socioecological model framework.
RESULTS
Based on 107 studies representing 188,498 participants and 422 childcare centers from 29 countries, 85 studies examined potential correlates of outdoor play while 23 studies examined that of outdoor time (one examined both). The duration of outdoor play and outdoor time ranged between 60 and 165 min/d and 42-240 min/d, respectively. Out of 287 (outdoor play) and 61 (outdoor time) potential correlates examined, 111 correlates for outdoor play and 33 correlates for outdoor time were identified as significant correlates. Thirty-three variables were identified as key/common correlates of outdoor play/time, including eight correlates at the individual level (e.g., sex/gender, race/ethnicity, physical activity), 10 correlates at the parental level (e.g., parental attitude/support/behavior, parenting practice), nine at the microsystem level (e.g., proximal home/social environment such as residence type, peer influence), three at the macrosystem/community level (e.g., availability of space children can play), and three at the physical ecology/pressure for macrosystem change level (e.g., seasonality, rurality). No key correlates were found at the institutional level.
CONCLUSIONS
Individual, parental, and proximal physical (home) and social environments appear to play a role in children's outdoor play and time. Ecological factors (i.e., seasonality, rurality) also appear to be related to outdoor play/time. Evidence was either inconsistent or lacking at institutional and macrosystem/community levels. Standardizing terminology and measures of outdoor play/time is warranted. Future work should investigate the interactions and processes of multiple variables across different levels of socioecological modelling to better understand the mechanisms through which outdoor play/time opportunities can be optimized for children while paying special attention to varying conditions in which children are born, live, and play.
背景
由于儿童户外活动和时间有诸多益处，人们越来越关注其减少的问题。本系统综述综合了关于 3-12 岁儿童户外活动和户外活动时间相关因素的证据。
方法
2019 年 10 月 28 日至 2020 年 7 月 27 日，我们在五种不同语言（中文、英文、韩文、西班牙文、葡萄牙文）的 12 个电子数据库中进行了检索。使用 Covidence 软件进行筛选，使用 Microsoft Excel 配合预先设计的编码表格进行数据提取。使用社会生态学模型框架对证据进行综合，并对相关因素进行分类。
结果
基于来自 29 个国家的 107 项研究（代表 188498 名参与者和 422 家日托中心），85 项研究检验了户外活动的潜在相关因素，23 项研究检验了户外活动时间的潜在相关因素（1 项研究同时检验了这两项）。户外活动和户外活动时间的时间范围分别为 60-165 分钟/天和 42-240 分钟/天。在 287 项（户外活动）和 61 项（户外活动时间）潜在相关因素中，确定了 111 项与户外活动相关的因素和 33 项与户外活动时间相关的因素。33 个变量被确定为户外活动/时间的关键/常见相关因素，包括个体层面的 8 个相关因素（例如，性别、种族/民族、体力活动）、父母层面的 10 个相关因素（例如，父母态度/支持/行为、养育实践）、微观系统层面的 9 个相关因素（例如，家庭周边环境，如居住类型、同伴影响）、宏观系统/社区层面的 3 个相关因素（例如，儿童可玩耍的空间供应）以及物理生态/宏观系统变化压力层面的 3 个相关因素（例如，季节性、农村性）。在机构层面未发现关键相关因素。
结论
个人、父母以及家庭（近端）物理和社会环境似乎在儿童户外活动和时间方面发挥了作用。生态因素（如季节性、农村性）似乎也与户外活动/时间有关。在机构和宏观系统/社区层面的证据要么不一致，要么缺乏。有必要对户外活动/时间的术语和测量进行标准化。未来的工作应该调查社会生态模式不同层次的多个变量的相互作用和过程，以更好地了解优化儿童户外活动/时间机会的机制，同时特别关注儿童出生、生活和玩耍的不同条件。
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