Cuadrado Esther, Tabernero Carmen, Hidalgo-Muñoz Antonio R, Luque Bárbara, Castillo-Mayén Rosario
Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.
Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
Front Psychol. 2021 Mar 2;12:594440. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.594440. eCollection 2021.
Given the negative costs of exclusion and the relevance of belongingness for humans, the experience of exclusion influences social affiliation motivation, which in turn is a relevant predictor of prosocial behavior. Skin conductance is a typical measure of the arousal elicited by emotions. Hence, we argued that both inclusion and exclusion will increase skin conductance level due to the increase of either positive affect or anger affects, respectively. Moreover, we argued that emotional arousal is also related to social affiliation motivation and prosocial behavior. A total of 48 students were randomly allocated to either an inclusionary or exclusionary condition and their skin conductance levels were recorded during an experiment in which they completed an online questionnaire and played the game "Cyberball." Results indicated that (a) individuals who perceived high exclusion felt angrier than individuals perceiving high inclusion, who feel positive affect; (b) no differences were evidenced in terms of skin conductance between exclusion and inclusion situations; (c) over-aroused individuals were less motivated to affiliate; and (d) individuals with lower affiliation motivation behaved in a less prosocial way. The results were congruent to the argument that behaving prosocially may be a way to gain the desired affiliation.
鉴于被排斥的负面代价以及归属感对人类的重要性，被排斥的经历会影响社会归属动机，而社会归属动机反过来又是亲社会行为的一个重要预测指标。皮肤电导率是情绪引发的唤醒的典型测量指标。因此，我们认为，被接纳和被排斥都会分别由于积极情感或愤怒情感的增加而提高皮肤电导率水平。此外，我们认为情绪唤醒也与社会归属动机和亲社会行为有关。共有48名学生被随机分配到被接纳或被排斥的情境中，在他们完成一份在线问卷并玩“赛博球”游戏的实验过程中，记录他们的皮肤电导率水平。结果表明：（a）感觉被高度排斥的个体比感觉被高度接纳（从而感到积极情感）的个体更愤怒；（b）在被排斥和被接纳情境之间，皮肤电导率方面没有差异；（c）过度唤醒的个体进行社交的动机较低；（d）社交动机较低的个体亲社会行为较少。这些结果与如下观点一致：做出亲社会行为可能是获得期望归属的一种方式。
