Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Addiction. 2021 Nov;116(11):3198-3205. doi: 10.1111/add.15494. Epub 2021 Mar 31.
Building upon an existing methodology and conceptual framework for estimating the association between the use of substances and crime, we calculated attributable fractions that estimate the proportion of crimes explained by alcohol and six other categories of psychoactive substances.
Cross-sectional surveys.
Canadian federal correctional institutions.
Canadian men (n = 27 803) and women (n = 1335) offenders who began serving a custodial sentence in a Canadian federal correctional institution between 2006 and 2016.
Offenders completed the computerized assessment of substance abuse, a self-report tool designed to assess (1) whether the offence for which they were convicted would have occurred had they not been intoxicated from alcohol or another substance, (2) whether they committed the offence to support their alcohol or other substance use and (3) whether they were dependent on alcohol (alcohol dependence scale) or another substance (drug abuse screening test). Offences were grouped into four mutually exclusive categories: violent crimes, non-violent crimes, impaired driving and substance-defined crimes. This study focused on violent and non-violent crime categories. Substances assessed were: alcohol, cannabis, opioids, other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, cocaine, other CNS stimulants and other substances.
According to offender self-report, 42% of all violent and non-violent crime would probably not have occurred if the perpetrator had not been under the influence of, or seeking, alcohol or other substances. Between 2006 and 2016, 20% of violent crimes and 7% of non-violent crimes in Canada were considered attributable to alcohol. In contrast, all other psychoactive substance categories combined were associated with 26% of all violent crime and 25% of non-violent crime during the same time-frame.
Attributable fraction analyses show that more than 42% of Canadian crime resulting in a custodial sentence between 2006 and 2016 would probably not have occurred if the perpetrator had not been under the influence of or seeking alcohol or other drugs. Attributable fractions for alcohol and substance-related crime are a potentially useful resource for estimating the impact of alcohol and other substances on crime.
在现有的用于估计物质使用与犯罪之间关联的方法和概念框架的基础上，我们计算了归因分数，以估计酒精和其他六类精神活性物质解释的犯罪比例。
横断面调查。
加拿大联邦惩教机构。
2006 年至 2016 年期间在加拿大联邦惩教机构开始服监禁刑期的加拿大男性（n=27803）和女性（n=1335）罪犯。
罪犯完成了物质滥用计算机评估，这是一种自我报告工具，旨在评估（1）如果他们没有因酒精或其他物质而醉酒，他们是否会犯下被定罪的罪行，（2）他们是否为了支持自己的酒精或其他物质使用而犯下该罪行，以及（3）他们是否依赖酒精（酒精依赖量表）或其他物质（药物滥用筛查测试）。罪行分为四个相互排斥的类别：暴力犯罪、非暴力犯罪、驾驶障碍和物质定义的犯罪。本研究侧重于暴力和非暴力犯罪类别。评估的物质包括：酒精、大麻、阿片类药物、其他中枢神经系统（CNS）抑制剂、可卡因、其他中枢神经系统兴奋剂和其他物质。
根据罪犯的自我报告，如果犯罪者没有受到酒精或其他物质的影响或寻求，那么所有暴力和非暴力犯罪中的 42%可能都不会发生。在 2006 年至 2016 年期间，加拿大 20%的暴力犯罪和 7%的非暴力犯罪可归因于酒精。相比之下，在同一时期，所有其他精神活性物质类别加起来与所有暴力犯罪的 26%和非暴力犯罪的 25%有关。
归因分数分析表明，如果犯罪者没有受到酒精或其他药物的影响或寻求，那么 2006 年至 2016 年期间导致监禁的加拿大犯罪中的 42%以上可能不会发生。酒精和与物质相关的犯罪的归因分数是估计酒精和其他物质对犯罪影响的潜在有用资源。
