Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy.
Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Echocardiography. 2021 Apr;38(4):657-675. doi: 10.1111/echo.15018. Epub 2021 Mar 19.
Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is the most common congenital cardiac abnormality found approximately in 25% of the adult population The pathophysiological role of paradoxical embolization through the PFO in ischemic stroke is well established. "Self-expanding double disk" and, more recently, suture-based "deviceless" systems are used for PFO closure in the setting of secondary prevention after ischemic stroke likely related to paradoxical embolization. Ultrasound plays a significant role in PFO assessment, indication to treatment, intra-procedural guidance, and follow-up for those undergoing PFO closure. Three different techniques are frequently used for these purposes: transesophageal echocardiography, transthoracic echocardiogram, and transcranial Doppler. In this review, advantages and limits of these techniques are discussed in detail to improve our skills in detection and treatment of this important condition by using ultrasound.
卵圆孔未闭（PFO）是最常见的先天性心脏异常，在大约 25%的成年人群中发现。卵圆孔未闭通过反常栓塞在缺血性卒中中的病理生理作用已得到充分证实。“自膨式双盘”和最近的基于缝线的“无器械”系统用于缺血性卒中后二级预防中的 PFO 封堵，可能与反常栓塞有关。超声在 PFO 评估、治疗适应证、术中指导和接受 PFO 封堵的患者随访中发挥重要作用。有三种不同的技术常用于这些目的：经食管超声心动图、经胸超声心动图和经颅多普勒超声。在这篇综述中，详细讨论了这些技术的优缺点，以提高我们使用超声检测和治疗这种重要疾病的技能。
