Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO): History, Diagnosis, and Management.

Current guidelines recommend closing a patent foramen ovale (PFO) in patients who have experienced a cryptogenic or cardioembolic stroke, have a high-risk PFO, and are aged between 16 and 60 years (class A recommendation, level I evidence). In terms of efficacy, in the CLOSE and RESPECT trials, the number needed-to-treat (NNT) to prevent one stroke recurrence in a five-year term was between 20 and 44. Other trials, such as the REDUCE trial, presented much better data with a NNT of 28 at two years and as low as 18 over a follow-up period of 10 years. Interventional PFO closure is relatively straightforward to learn compared to other cardiology procedures; however, it must be performed meticulously to minimize the risk of post-procedural complications. Usually, a double-disk occlusion device is used, followed by antiplatelet therapy. While the potential benefits of PFO closure for conditions such as migraines are currently being studied, robust trials are still required. Therefore, deciding to close a PFO for reasons other than stroke should be considered on a case-by-case basis.