Bragagnolo Chiara, Correia Ricardo A, Gamarra Norah Costa, Lessa Thainá, Jepson Paul, Malhado Ana C M, Ladle Richard J
Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus A. C. Simões, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, S/n Tabuleiro Dos Martins, Maceió, AL, Brazil.
Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus A. C. Simões, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, S/n Tabuleiro Dos Martins, Maceió, AL, Brazil; Helsinki Lab of Interdisciplinary Conservation Science (HELICS), Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; DBIO & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal.
J Environ Manage. 2021 Jun 1;287:112289. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112289. Epub 2021 Mar 16.
Protected areas (PAs) are the cornerstone of global conservation policy and have expanded dramatically over the last century. Though unequivocally beneficial for biodiversity, gazetting land for protecting nature can also be seen as an 'opportunity cost' that some politicians are unwilling to pay. One of the most effective strategies to increase the political resilience of PAs in the face of such threats is to demonstrate their broader value to society. This is one of the objectives of the recently proposed 'PA asset framework'. The framework conceptualizes PAs as being composed of suites of biophysical, human, infrastructure, institutional and cultural assets that interact with individuals and institutions to generate different forms of tangible and intangible value. Here, we test the utility of the framework by conducting an asset-based analysis of Brazilian National Parks (NPs) at two different scales (NP system and NP unit). Assets were identified at the system level through a systematic review of 49 Management Plans (MPs) using a typology of PA asset classes as a tool for characterising the presence and state of assets in or associated with NPs. At the NP unit level, assets were identified through semi-structured interviews with local managers of the Chapada Diamantina National Park. Biophysical and infrastructure assets were the most represented asset classes at both scales. Our analysis successfully revealed: (i) which assets can be managed to generate wider forms of values at local scale (e.g. natural spectacles, iconic species, park volunteers) (ii) relational values between assets (e.g. trails and outdoor recreational features), and (iii) value generating practices (VGPs) to capture values from the interaction between different assets (i.e. restoration of degraded areas through voluntary programmes, etc.). We conclude by discussing how the PA asset framework can be operatively integrated into NP management to improve the future allocation of limited financial resources.
保护区是全球保护政策的基石，在过去一个世纪里大幅扩张。尽管对生物多样性有明确的益处，但划定土地用于保护自然也可被视为一些政治家不愿付出的“机会成本”。面对此类威胁，提高保护区政治复原力的最有效策略之一是展示其对社会更广泛的价值。这是最近提出的“保护区资产框架”的目标之一。该框架将保护区概念化为由一系列生物物理、人类、基础设施、机构和文化资产组成，这些资产与个人和机构相互作用，产生不同形式的有形和无形价值。在此，我们通过对巴西国家公园（NP）在两个不同尺度（NP系统和NP单元）进行基于资产的分析来测试该框架的效用。通过使用保护区资产类别类型对49份管理计划（MP）进行系统审查，在系统层面识别资产，以此作为描述国家公园内或与之相关资产的存在和状态的工具。在NP单元层面，通过对钻石山国家公园当地管理人员进行半结构化访谈来识别资产。生物物理和基础设施资产在两个尺度上都是最具代表性的资产类别。我们的分析成功揭示了：（i）哪些资产可以在地方尺度上进行管理以产生更广泛形式的价值（如自然景观、标志性物种、公园志愿者）（ii）资产之间的关系价值（如步道和户外休闲设施），以及（iii）从不同资产之间的相互作用中获取价值的价值创造实践（VGP）（即通过自愿项目恢复退化地区等）。我们通过讨论如何将保护区资产框架有效地整合到国家公园管理中以改善未来有限财政资源的分配来得出结论。
