[Growth, orthodontics and orthopedics, by Pierre Fauchard (1928), Hendrik Van Deventer (1739) and Nicolas Andry (1740)].

In the eightteenth century (by Fauchard) and orthopaedics (by H. Van Deventer, a Dutch surgeon) have been founded independently as practcal sciences without the faculties of medicine. The famous book of Andry, "L'orthopédie", also translated in English (1743), has not been written for the medical profession. It deals only with "such means as may easily be put in practice by Parents themselves, and all such as are employed in Educating children". Nevertheless it states precisely the name of the speciality and defines some ethical, aesthetical and physiological principles also applicable to orthodontics. This is also the case for H. Van Deventer, who was the first to take plaster casts before, during and after treatment.