College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju, 26339, Republic of Korea.
Mol Neurobiol. 2021 Jul;58(7):3484-3493. doi: 10.1007/s12035-021-02355-4. Epub 2021 Mar 20.
Visual disabilities in central nervous system autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are important symptoms. Past studies have focused on neuro-inflammatory changes and demyelination in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. In MS, neuro-inflammatory lesions have been diagnosed in the visual pathway; the lesions may perturb visual function. Similarly, neuropathological changes in the retina and optic nerves have been found in animals with chronic EAE. Although the retina and optic nerves are immunologically privileged sites via the blood-retina barrier and blood-brain barrier, respectively, inflammation can occur via other routes, such as the uvea (e.g., iris and choroid) and cerebrospinal fluid in the meninges. This review primarily addresses the direct involvement of the blood-retina barrier and the blood-brain barrier in the development of retinitis and optic neuritis in EAE models. Additional routes, including pro-inflammatory mediator-filled choroidal and subarachnoid spaces, are also discussed with respect to their roles in EAE-induced visual disability and as analogues of MS in humans.
中枢神经系统自身免疫性疾病（如多发性硬化症[MS]及其动物模型实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎[EAE]）中存在视觉障碍，这是重要的症状。过去的研究主要集中在大脑和脊髓白质的神经炎症变化和脱髓鞘上。在 MS 中，视觉通路中已诊断出神经炎症性病变；这些病变可能会干扰视觉功能。同样，在患有慢性 EAE 的动物中，也发现了视网膜和视神经的神经病理学变化。尽管视网膜和视神经分别通过血视网膜屏障和血脑屏障而具有免疫特权部位，但炎症可以通过其他途径发生，例如葡萄膜（例如虹膜和脉络膜）和脑膜中的脑脊液。这篇综述主要探讨了血视网膜屏障和血脑屏障在 EAE 模型中发生视网膜炎和视神经炎中的直接作用。还讨论了其他途径，包括富含促炎介质的脉络膜和蛛网膜下腔，以及它们在 EAE 引起的视觉障碍中的作用及其作为人类 MS 的类似物。
