Beijamini Felipe, Valentin Anthony, Jäger Roland, Born Jan, Diekelmann Susanne
Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Realeza, Brazil.
Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Front Behav Neurosci. 2021 Mar 3;15:645110. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.645110. eCollection 2021.
According to the active systems consolidation theory, memories undergo reactivation during sleep that can give rise to qualitative changes of the representations. These changes may generate new knowledge such as gaining insight into solutions for problem solving. targeted memory reactivation (TMR) uses learning-associated cues, such as sounds or odors, which have been shown to improve memory consolidation when re-applied during sleep. Here we tested whether TMR during slow wave sleep (SWS) and/or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep increases problem solving. Young healthy volunteers participated in one of two experiments. Experiment 1 tested the effect of natural sleep on problem solving. Subjects were trained in a video game-based problem solving task until being presented with a non-solved challenge. Followed by a ~10-h incubation interval filled with nocturnal sleep or daytime wakefulness, subjects were tested on the problem solving challenge again. Experiment 2 tested the effect of TMR on problem solving, with subjects receiving auditory TMR either during SWS (SWSstim), REM sleep (REMstim), or wakefulness (Wakestim). In Experiment 1, sleep improved problem solving, with 62% of subjects from the Sleep group solving the problem compared to 24% of the Wake group. Subjects with higher amounts of SWS in the Sleep group had a higher chance to solve the problem. In Experiment 2, TMR did not change the sleep effect on problem solving: 56 and 58% of subjects from the SWSstim and REMstim groups solved the problem compared to 57% from the Wakestim group. These findings indicate that sleep, and particularly SWS, facilitates problem solving, whereas this effect is not further increased by TMR.
根据主动系统巩固理论，记忆在睡眠期间会经历重新激活，这可能会导致表征的质性变化。这些变化可能会产生新知识，比如深入了解解决问题的方法。定向记忆再激活（TMR）利用与学习相关的线索，如声音或气味，研究表明，在睡眠期间再次应用这些线索时，它们能改善记忆巩固。在这里，我们测试了慢波睡眠（SWS）和/或快速眼动（REM）睡眠期间的TMR是否能提高问题解决能力。年轻健康的志愿者参与了两项实验中的一项。实验1测试了自然睡眠对问题解决的影响。受试者接受基于电子游戏的问题解决任务训练，直到面临一个未解决的挑战。在经过约10小时的潜伏期（期间为夜间睡眠或白天清醒）后，受试者再次接受问题解决挑战测试。实验2测试了TMR对问题解决的影响，受试者在SWS（SWS刺激组）、REM睡眠（REM刺激组）或清醒状态（清醒刺激组）期间接受听觉TMR。在实验1中，睡眠改善了问题解决能力，睡眠组中有62%的受试者解决了问题，而清醒组中这一比例为24%。睡眠组中慢波睡眠量较高的受试者解决问题的机会更大。在实验2中，TMR并没有改变睡眠对问题解决的影响：SWS刺激组和REM刺激组中分别有56%和58%的受试者解决了问题，而清醒刺激组的这一比例为57%。这些发现表明，睡眠，尤其是慢波睡眠，有助于问题解决，而TMR并不会进一步增强这种效果。
