Burbidge Crista Ann, Ford Christopher Michael, Melino Vanessa Jane, Wong Darren Chern Jan, Jia Yong, Jenkins Colin Leslie Dow, Soole Kathleen Lydia, Castellarin Simone Diego, Darriet Philippe, Rienth Markus, Bonghi Claudio, Walker Robert Peter, Famiani Franco, Sweetman Crystal
Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia.
School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia.
Front Plant Sci. 2021 Mar 4;12:643024. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.643024. eCollection 2021.
Tartaric acid (TA) is an obscure end point to the catabolism of ascorbic acid (Asc). Here, it is proposed as a "specialized primary metabolite", originating from carbohydrate metabolism but with restricted distribution within the plant kingdom and lack of known function in primary metabolic pathways. Grapes fall into the list of high TA-accumulators, with biosynthesis occurring in both leaf and berry. Very little is known of the TA biosynthetic pathway enzymes in any plant species, although recently some progress has been made in this space. New technologies in grapevine research such as the development of global co-expression network analysis tools and genome-wide association studies, should enable more rapid progress. There is also a lack of information regarding roles for this organic acid in plant metabolism. Therefore this review aims to briefly summarize current knowledge about the key intermediates and enzymes of TA biosynthesis in grapes and the regulation of its precursor, ascorbate, followed by speculative discussion around the potential roles of TA based on current knowledge of Asc metabolism, TA biosynthetic enzymes and other aspects of fruit metabolism.
酒石酸（TA）是抗坏血酸（Asc）分解代谢中一个不为人知的终产物。在此，它被提议作为一种“特殊的初级代谢产物”，起源于碳水化合物代谢，但在植物界分布有限，且在初级代谢途径中缺乏已知功能。葡萄属于高酒石酸积累植物之列，其生物合成发生在叶片和浆果中。尽管最近在这方面取得了一些进展，但对于任何植物物种中酒石酸生物合成途径的酶，人们了解得都很少。葡萄藤研究中的新技术，如全球共表达网络分析工具的开发和全基因组关联研究，应该能够推动更快的进展。关于这种有机酸在植物代谢中的作用，也缺乏相关信息。因此，本综述旨在简要总结目前关于葡萄中酒石酸生物合成的关键中间体和酶及其前体抗坏血酸的调控的知识，随后基于目前对抗坏血酸代谢、酒石酸生物合成酶和果实代谢其他方面的了解，对酒石酸的潜在作用进行推测性讨论。
