Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty and Bowman Layer Transplantation: An Anatomic Review and Historical Survey.

For nearly a century, the definitive treatment of many corneal dystrophies and ectactic disorders was limited to penetrating keratoplasty, but over the past 2 decades, a surge of surgical innovation has propelled the treatment of many corneal diseases to more targeted approaches with significantly better visual outcomes. Anterior stromal diseases were first changed through endothelial-sparing techniques, such as deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty, but have more recently transitioned to stromal-sparing approaches. Ultraviolet corneal crosslinking strengthens the cornea and halts progression of keratoconus in >90% of cases. Intracorneal ring segment and corneal allogenic ring segment implantation offer methods to flatten ectatic corneas. However, Bowman layer transplantation - inlay and more recently onlay techniques - has shown promise for treating advanced keratoconus and preventing keratoplasty. The advent of endothelial keratoplasty radically changed the treatment of corneal endothelial dysfunction, and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty specifically offers an average postoperative visual acuity of 20/25 (0.8) with only 8.8% of grafts requiring retransplantation in the first 5 years. Here, we review the rapid innovations for surgical treatment of corneal diseases, spanning from endothelial keratoplasty and endothelial regeneration to anterior lamellar keratoplasty and stromal augmentation, highlighting key steps which may be moving us closer to a "postkeratoplasty" world.