BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021 Aug;19(8):501-513. doi: 10.1038/s41579-021-00530-x. Epub 2021 Mar 24.
Viruses that infect microbial hosts have traditionally been studied in laboratory settings with a focus on either obligate lysis or persistent lysogeny. In the environment, these infection archetypes are part of a continuum that spans antagonistic to beneficial modes. In this Review, we advance a framework to accommodate the context-dependent nature of virus-microorganism interactions in ecological communities by synthesizing knowledge from decades of virology research, eco-evolutionary theory and recent technological advances. We discuss that nuanced outcomes, rather than the extremes of the continuum, are particularly likely in natural communities given variability in abiotic factors, the availability of suboptimal hosts and the relevance of multitrophic partnerships. We revisit the 'rules of life' in terms of how long-term infections shape the fate of viruses and microbial cells, populations and ecosystems.
传统上，研究感染微生物宿主的病毒都是在实验室环境下进行的，重点关注的是病毒的强制性裂解或持续性溶源现象。在环境中，这些感染原型是从对抗到有益模式连续体的一部分。在这篇综述中，我们通过综合数十年病毒学研究、生态进化理论和最新技术进展的知识，提出了一个框架，以适应生态群落中病毒-微生物相互作用的上下文相关性质。我们讨论了在自然群落中，由于非生物因素的可变性、亚最佳宿主的可用性以及多营养级伙伴关系的相关性，细微的结果而不是连续体的极端情况更有可能出现。我们根据长期感染如何塑造病毒和微生物细胞、种群和生态系统的命运，重新审视了“生命法则”。
