Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(23):6516-6533. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1902938. Epub 2021 Mar 25.
Controversy regarding the effects of betaine supplementation on cardiovascular markers has persisted for decades. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the effects of betaine supplementation on cardiovascular disease (CVD) markers. Studies examining betaine supplementation on CVD markers published up to February 2021 were identified through PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, and SCOPUS. Betaine supplementation had a significant effect on concentrations of betaine (MD: 82.14 μmol/L, 95% CI: 67.09 to 97.20), total cholesterol (TC) (MD: 14.12 mg/dl, 95% CI%: 9.23 to 19.02), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (MD: 10.26 mg/dl, 95% CI: 6.14 to 14.38)], homocysteine (WMD: -1.30 micromol/L, 95% CI: -1.61 to -0.98), dimethylglycine (DMG) (MD: 21.33 micromol/L, 95% CI: 13.87 to 28.80), and methionine (MD: 2.06 micromol/L, 95% CI: 0.23 to 3.88). Moreover, our analysis indicated that betaine supplementation did not affect serum concentrations of triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), fasting blood glucose (FBG), C-reactive protein (CRP), liver enzymes [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)], and blood pressure. Our subgroup analysis suggested that a maximum dose of 4 g/d might have homocysteine-lowering effects without any adverse effect on lipid profiles reported with doses of ≥4 g/d. In conclusion, the present systematic review and meta-analysis supports the advantage of a lower dose of betaine supplementation (<4 g/d) on homocysteine concentrations without the lipid-augmenting effect observed with a higher dosage.
关于甜菜碱补充对心血管标志物影响的争议已经持续了几十年。本系统评价和荟萃分析比较了甜菜碱补充对心血管疾病 (CVD) 标志物的影响。通过 PubMed、Cochrane 图书馆、Web of Science、Embase 和 SCOPUS 检索了截至 2021 年 2 月发表的关于甜菜碱补充对 CVD 标志物影响的研究。甜菜碱补充对甜菜碱浓度有显著影响 (MD：82.14μmol/L，95%CI：67.09 至 97.20)、总胆固醇 (TC) (MD：14.12mg/dl，95%CI%：9.23 至 19.02)、低密度脂蛋白 (LDL) (MD：10.26mg/dl，95%CI：6.14 至 14.38)、同型半胱氨酸 (WMD：-1.30μmol/L，95%CI：-1.61 至-0.98)、二甲基甘氨酸 (DMG) (MD：21.33μmol/L，95%CI：13.87 至 28.80) 和蛋氨酸 (MD：2.06μmol/L，95%CI：0.23 至 3.88)。此外，我们的分析表明，甜菜碱补充剂不会影响甘油三酯 (TG)、高密度脂蛋白 (HDL)、空腹血糖 (FBG)、C-反应蛋白 (CRP)、肝酶 [丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶 (AST)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶 (GGT)] 和血压的血清浓度。我们的亚组分析表明，最大剂量 4g/d 可能具有降低同型半胱氨酸的作用，而不会像更高剂量 (>4g/d) 那样对血脂谱产生不良影响。总之，本系统评价和荟萃分析支持低剂量 (<4g/d) 甜菜碱补充剂在降低同型半胱氨酸浓度方面的优势，而不会产生更高剂量观察到的血脂增加作用。
