School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin, Liaoning, China; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin, Liaoning, China.
Environ Pollut. 2021 Jun 15;279:116942. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116942. Epub 2021 Mar 12.
Prorocentrum lima is a dinoflagellate that forms hazardous blooms and produces okadaic acid (OA), leading to adverse environmental consequences associated with the declines of zooplankton populations. However, little is known about the toxic effects and molecular mechanisms of P. lima or OA on zooplankton. Here, their toxic effects were investigated using the brine shrimp Artemia salina. Acute exposure of A. salina to P. lima resulted in lethality at concentrations 100-fold lower than densities observed during blooms. The first comprehensive results from global transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses in A. salina showed up-regulated mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes and reduced non-enzyme antioxidants, indicating general detoxification responses to oxidative stress after exposure to P. lima. The significantly up-regulated mRNA expression of proteasome, spliceosome, and ribosome, as well as the increased fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation suggested the proteolysis of damaged proteins and induction of energy expenditure. Exposure to OA increased catabolism of chitin, which may further disrupt the molting and reproduction activities of A. salina. Our data shed new insights on the molecular responses and toxicity mechanisms of A. salina to P. lima or OA. The simple zooplankton model integrated with omic methods provides a sensitive assessment approach for studying hazardous algae.
利马原甲藻是一种甲藻，它会形成有害的水华，并产生 okadaic 酸（OA），导致浮游动物种群减少等不良环境后果。然而，人们对利马原甲藻或 OA 对浮游动物的毒性作用和分子机制知之甚少。在这里，我们使用卤虫 Artemia salina 研究了它们的毒性作用。卤虫对利马原甲藻的急性暴露导致在水华期间观察到的浓度低 100 倍时就出现致死率。全球转录组和代谢组学分析在卤虫中的首次综合结果表明，抗氧化酶的 mRNA 表达上调，非酶抗氧化剂减少，表明在暴露于利马原甲藻后，机体产生了一般性的解毒反应来对抗氧化应激。蛋白酶体、剪接体和核糖体的 mRNA 表达显著上调，以及脂肪酸氧化和氧化磷酸化增加，表明受损蛋白质的蛋白水解和能量消耗的诱导。暴露于 OA 增加了几丁质的分解代谢，这可能进一步破坏卤虫的蜕皮和繁殖活动。我们的数据为卤虫对利马原甲藻或 OA 的分子反应和毒性机制提供了新的见解。整合了组学方法的简单浮游动物模型为研究有害藻类提供了一种敏感的评估方法。
