Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France.
Science. 2021 Mar 26;371(6536). doi: 10.1126/science.abc4552.
Microbial roles in cancer formation, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment have been disputed for centuries. Recent studies have provocatively claimed that bacteria, viruses, and/or fungi are pervasive among cancers, key actors in cancer immunotherapy, and engineerable to treat metastases. Despite these findings, the number of microbes known to directly cause carcinogenesis remains small. Critically evaluating and building frameworks for such evidence in light of modern cancer biology is an important task. In this Review, we delineate between causal and complicit roles of microbes in cancer and trace common themes of their influence through the host's immune system, herein defined as the immuno-oncology-microbiome axis. We further review evidence for intratumoral microbes and approaches that manipulate the host's gut or tumor microbiome while projecting the next phase of experimental discovery.
微生物在癌症的形成、诊断、预后和治疗中的作用，几个世纪以来一直存在争议。最近的研究有争议地声称，细菌、病毒和/或真菌在癌症中普遍存在，是癌症免疫治疗的关键因素，并可通过工程设计来治疗转移。尽管有这些发现，但已知直接导致致癌的微生物数量仍然很少。批判性地评估和构建此类证据的框架，以了解现代癌症生物学，是一项重要的任务。在这篇综述中，我们区分了微生物在癌症中的因果作用和共犯作用，并通过宿主的免疫系统追踪它们影响的共同主题，在此将其定义为免疫肿瘤微生物组轴。我们进一步回顾了肿瘤内微生物的证据和方法，这些方法可以在预测下一阶段的实验发现的同时，操纵宿主的肠道或肿瘤微生物组。
