Persistent effects of underground longwall coal mining on freshwater wetland hydrology.

More than half of global wetlands have been lost because of anthropogenic disturbance, with the trend of decline continuing in the 21st century. While much of this loss relates to changes in surface flows, groundwater is also critical to sustaining wetland hydrology. Underground longwall mines extract coal seams, in turn fracturing the overlying stratigraphy, influencing aquifer connectivity and affecting surface flows via subsidence disturbance. Crucially, this subterranean disturbance may disrupt the hydrological processes that sustain freshwater wetlands at the surface. Here we present a new designed empirical study that compares the persistence of soil moisture after a rainfall event in wetlands subject to underground longwall coal mining to that in unmined reference wetlands. Accelerated Failure Time models showed that mined wetlands were persistently drier, retained water for shorter durations and exhibited less spatial differentiation than unmined wetlands. This quantitative evidence of severe, persistent hydrological change following resource extraction reinforces earlier observations and has important implications for biodiversity and provision of ecosystem services to a large urban population. If Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) outcomes and effective deployment of the mitigation hierarchy are to be achieved in line with current legislative and policy paradigms, our results highlight the need for more emphasis on impact avoidance and minimisation than restoration or offsetting to protect water and biodiversity values. Given severe constraints on restoration success, greater emphasis on avoidance in mine design and approval processes offers realistic opportunities for an improved balance between sustaining irreplaceable public assets and short-term benefits from non-renewable resource extraction.