Preiser's disease or avascular osteonecrosis of the scaphoid: An updated literature review.

Avascular necrosis of the scaphoid, often referred to as Preiser's disease, is little known despite the scaphoid being the second most frequently involved location in avascular pathology of the carpal bones after the lunate (Kienböck's disease). Nonetheless, very few cases have been reported in the medical literature over the last century. Its pathophysiology is not completely elucidated although the unique vascularization of the scaphoid and several risk factors seem to be recurrently incriminated. Two new classifications based on modern imaging have appeared in the last decade and are now considered essential supplements to Herbert and Lanzetta's original radiographic classification. Because of the lack of formal treatment guidelines, a wide range of different treatments have been explored over time, contributing to the confusion around this pathology. Adding to this confusion, are the numerous terms used to designate the condition and lack of knowledge concerning its pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical and radiographic presentation. The aim of this review is therefore to explore and clarify Preiser's disease in terms of history, terminology, pathophysiology, clinical considerations and imaging and to propose a simple updated treatment algorithm based on the results provided by a thorough review of literature (53 publications, 170 patients) since Georg Preiser's original and controversial description in 1910.