Oyetola Wilfried Délé, Diallo Kanny, Kreppel Katharina, Kone Philippe Soumahoro, Schelling Esther, Bonfoh Bassirou, Bada Alambedji Rianatou
Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires, Dakar, Senegal.
Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
Front Vet Sci. 2021 Mar 10;8:630580. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.630580. eCollection 2021.
Brucellosis is one of the main zoonoses affecting ruminants. Cattle and small ruminants are involved in transhumance and trade between Côte d'Ivoire and Mali. The endemic nature of the disease in both countries, connected through transhumance, poses unique challenges and requires more information to facilitate disease surveillance and the development of integrated control strategies. This study aimed to assess the main factors influencing the historical and current transborder transmission of brucellosis between Côte d'Ivoire and Mali. A literature review was conducted and data collection was performed through a participatory, transdisciplinary process by holding focus group discussions and interviews with key stakeholders. Cattle breeders, herdsmen, professionals of animal and human health, border control agents and experts took part. The data was analyzed to generate essential new knowledge for transborder brucellosis transmission factors and control strategies. From the literature, the seroprevalence of brucellosis in both countries varied from 11% (1987) to 20% (2013) and 15% (1972-1973) to 5% (2012-2014) in Mali and Côte d'Ivoire, respectively. The reduction of seroprevalence in Côte d'Ivoire was the result of the annual vaccination campaigns which lowered it from 28% (1978) to 14% (1984) after an increase due to livestock policy implemented in 1976. The meta-analysis and interviews jointly showed that the cross-border mobility was associated with the livestock development policy in Côte d'Ivoire as well as the ECOWAS act on the free movement of people and goods. This act supported the seasonal transhumance of livestock for access to pasture land in southern humid zones in Côte d'Ivoire. The seasonal mobility for grazing and trade was the main risk factor for the spread of brucellosis between pastoral zones of both countries. The existing legal health framework and border control mechanism do not achieve transborder surveillance to control brucellosis. Existing sanitary regulations should be adapted at regional scale to integrate a joint surveillance of high priority zoonotic diseases like brucellosis at border controls.
布鲁氏菌病是影响反刍动物的主要人畜共患病之一。牛和小反刍动物参与了科特迪瓦和马里之间的季节性迁移和贸易。两国通过季节性迁移相联系的这种疾病的地方病性质带来了独特的挑战，需要更多信息以促进疾病监测和综合防控策略的制定。本研究旨在评估影响科特迪瓦和马里之间布鲁氏菌病历史和当前跨境传播的主要因素。进行了文献综述，并通过参与式跨学科过程，通过召开焦点小组讨论以及与关键利益相关者访谈来收集数据。养牛户、牧民、动物和人类健康专业人员、边境管制人员及专家参与其中。对数据进行分析以生成关于跨境布鲁氏菌病传播因素和防控策略的重要新知识。从文献来看，两国布鲁氏菌病的血清阳性率分别在马里从11%（1987年）到20%（2013年），在科特迪瓦从15%（1972 - 1973年）到5%（2012 - 2014年）。科特迪瓦血清阳性率的降低是年度疫苗接种运动的结果，该运动在1976年实施的畜牧政策导致血清阳性率上升后，将其从28%（1978年）降至14%（1984年）。荟萃分析和访谈共同表明，跨境流动与科特迪瓦的畜牧发展政策以及西非国家经济共同体关于人员和货物自由流动的法案有关。该法案支持牲畜季节性迁移以获取科特迪瓦南部湿润地区的牧场。放牧和贸易的季节性流动是两国牧区之间布鲁氏菌病传播的主要风险因素。现有的法定卫生框架和边境管制机制未能实现跨境监测以控制布鲁氏菌病。现有的卫生法规应在区域层面进行调整，以在边境管制中纳入对布鲁氏菌病等高优先级人畜共患病的联合监测。
