Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Subcell Biochem. 2021;97:45-60. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-67171-6_3.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally occurring nanoparticles that contain proteins and nucleic acids. It is speculated that cells release EVs loaded with a selective cargo of proteins through highly regulated processes. Several proteomic and biochemical studies have highlighted phosphorylated, glycosylated, ubiquitinated, SUMOylated, oxidated and palmitoylated proteins within the EVs. Emerging evidences suggest that post-translational modifications (PTMs) can regulate the sorting of specific proteins into EVs and such proteins with specific PTMs have also been identified in clinical samples. Hence, it has been proposed that EV proteins with PTMs could be used as potential biomarkers of disease conditions. Among the other cellular mechanisms, the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) is also implicated in cargo sorting into EVs. In this chapter, various PTMs that are shown to regulate protein cargo sorting into EVs will be discussed.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）是天然存在的纳米颗粒，其中包含蛋白质和核酸。据推测，细胞通过高度调控的过程释放负载有选择性货物（即蛋白质）的 EVs。几项蛋白质组学和生化研究强调了 EV 内磷酸化、糖基化、泛素化、SUMO 化、氧化和棕榈酰化蛋白质。新兴证据表明，翻译后修饰（PTMs）可以调节特定蛋白质向 EV 的分拣，并且在临床样本中也鉴定到具有特定 PTM 的蛋白质。因此，有人提出，具有 PTM 的 EV 蛋白可以用作疾病状况的潜在生物标志物。在其他细胞机制中，也涉及内体分选复合物（ESCRT）用于货物分拣到 EVs 中。在本章中，将讨论各种已显示可调节蛋白质货物分拣到 EVs 的 PTMs。
