World Wildlife Fund-Perú, Trinidad Moran 853, Lima 14, Peru.
San Borja Norte 221, Lima 41, Peru.
Ecol Appl. 2021 Jul;31(5):e02335. doi: 10.1002/eap.2335. Epub 2021 May 9.
Innovative techniques, such as environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding, are now promoting broader biodiversity monitoring at unprecedented scales, because of the reduction in time, presumably lower cost, and methodological efficiency. Our goal was to assess the efficiency of established inventory techniques (live-trapping grids, pitfall traps, camera trapping, mist netting) as well as eDNA for detecting Amazonian mammals. For terrestrial small mammals, we used 32 live-trapping grids based on Sherman and Tomahawk traps (total effort of 10,368 trap-nights); in addition to 16 pitfall traps (1,408 trap-nights). For bats, we used mist nets at 8 sites (4,800 net hours). For medium and large mammals, we used 72 camera trap stations (5,208 camera-days). We identified vertebrate and mammal taxa based on eDNA analysis (12S region, with V05 and Mamm01 markers) from water samples, including a total of 11 3-km transects for stagnant water sampling and seven small streams for running water sampling. A total of 106 mammal species were recorded. Building on sample-based rarefaction and extrapolation curves, both trapping grids and pitfall were successful, recording 91.16% and 82.1% of the expected species for these techniques (22 and ~9 species), and 16.98% and 6.60% of the total recorded mammal species, respectively. Mist nets recorded 83.2% of the expected bat species (48), and 34.91% of the total recorded species. Camera trapping recorded 99.2% of the predicted large- and medium-sized species (31), and 33.02% of the total recorded species. eDNA recorded 75.4% of the expected mammal species for this technique (68), and 47.0% of the total recorded species. eDNA resulted in a useful tool that saves on effort and reduces sampling costs. This study is among the first to show the large potential of eDNA metabarcoding for assessing Amazonian mammal communities, providing, in combination with conventional techniques, a rapid overview of mammal diversity with broad applications to monitoring, management and conservation. By including appropriate genetic markers and updated reference databases, eDNA metabarcoding method can be extended to the whole vertebrate community.
创新技术，如环境 DNA（eDNA）宏条形码技术，由于减少了时间、成本，并且提高了方法效率，目前正在以空前的规模促进更广泛的生物多样性监测。我们的目标是评估已建立的清单技术（活捕网格、陷阱、相机陷阱、网捕）以及 eDNA 检测亚马逊哺乳动物的效率。对于陆地小型哺乳动物，我们使用了 32 个基于 Sherman 和 Tomahawk 陷阱的活捕网格（总努力时间为 10368 个陷阱夜）；此外还有 16 个陷阱（1408 个陷阱夜）。对于蝙蝠，我们在 8 个地点使用了网捕（4800 个网小时）。对于中型和大型哺乳动物，我们使用了 72 个相机陷阱站（5208 个相机日）。我们根据水样本中的 eDNA 分析（12S 区域，带有 V05 和 Mamm01 标记）识别了脊椎动物和哺乳动物分类群，包括总共 11 个 3 公里的静水采样横断带和 7 个流水采样小溪。共记录了 106 种哺乳动物。基于样本的稀疏和外推曲线，活捕网格和陷阱都很成功，记录了这两种技术的预期物种的 91.16%和 82.1%（22 和9 种），以及总共记录的哺乳动物物种的 16.98%和 6.60%。网捕记录了预期蝙蝠物种的 83.2%（48），以及总共记录的物种的 34.91%。相机陷阱记录了预测的大中型物种的 99.2%（31），以及总共记录的物种的 33.02%。eDNA 记录了这种技术的预期哺乳动物物种的 75.4%（~68），以及总共记录的物种的 47.0%。eDNA 是一种节省工作量和降低采样成本的有用工具。本研究是首批展示 eDNA 宏条形码技术在评估亚马逊哺乳动物群落方面具有巨大潜力的研究之一，它与传统技术相结合，为监测、管理和保护提供了对哺乳动物多样性的快速概述。通过包括适当的遗传标记和更新的参考数据库，eDNA 宏条形码方法可以扩展到整个脊椎动物群落。
