Department of Psychology, Psychological Assessment & Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
Department of Psychology, General Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
PLoS One. 2021 Mar 30;16(3):e0249190. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249190. eCollection 2021.
Research shows that retrospective memory is often more extreme than in-the-moment experiences. While investigations into this phenomenon have mostly focused on distinct, one-time experiences, we examined it with respect to recurring day-to-day experiences in the eating domain, focusing on variables of the snapshot model-i.e., the most intense and the final experience. We used a smartphone-based Ecological Momentary Assessment to assess the food intake and eating happiness of 103 participants (82.52% female, Mage = 21.97 years) over eight days, and then calculated their best (positive peak), worst (negative peak) and final experiences. Remembered eating happiness was assessed immediately after the study (immediate recall) and after four weeks (delayed recall). A significant memory-experience gap was revealed at immediate recall (d = .53). Remembered eating happiness was predicted by the worst eating experience (β = .41, p < .001), but not by the best or final eating experience. Analyzing changes over time did not show a significant memory-experience gap at delayed recall, but did reveal a similar influence of the worst eating experience (β = .39, p < .001). Findings indicate that, in the domain of eating, retrospective memory is mainly influenced by negative experiences. Overall, the results indicate that the snapshot model is a valid conceptualization to explain recall of both outstanding and day-to-day experiences.
研究表明，回溯记忆往往比即时体验更为极端。虽然针对这一现象的研究大多集中在独特的一次性体验上，但我们从日常饮食的重复体验角度对其进行了研究，重点关注了快照模型的变量，即最强烈和最终的体验。我们使用基于智能手机的生态瞬间评估来评估 103 名参与者（82.52%为女性，平均年龄为 21.97 岁）在八天内的食物摄入量和饮食幸福感，然后计算他们的最佳（积极高峰）、最差（消极高峰）和最终体验。参与者在研究结束后立即（即时回忆）和四周后（延迟回忆）评估其对饮食幸福感的记忆。在即时回忆时，出现了显著的记忆与体验差距（d =.53）。最差的饮食体验（β =.41，p <.001）可以预测记忆中的饮食幸福感，但最佳或最终的饮食体验则不行。分析随时间的变化，在延迟回忆时没有发现显著的记忆与体验差距，但确实显示了最差的饮食体验的类似影响（β =.39，p <.001）。研究结果表明，在饮食领域，回溯记忆主要受到负面体验的影响。总的来说，这些结果表明，快照模型是解释杰出体验和日常体验回忆的有效概念化方法。
