Beauchamp A J, Gluck J P
Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131.
Dev Psychobiol. 1988 May;21(4):355-64. doi: 10.1002/dev.420210406.
Past research has indicated that with regard to performance in formal learning test situations, early socially isolated rhesus monkeys display atypical reactions to noxious stimuli, deficits in response inhibition, slower adaptation to reinforcement contingencies, and lower performance on oddity tasks. Twelve adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), 6 who had been reared in total isolation for the first 9 months of life 19 years earlier, and 6 socially reared, were tested in a sensory preconditioning paradigm. In phase I, two neutral stimuli (S1-S2) were paired in contiguous fashion; in phase II the S2 stimulus was conditioned to elicit a startle response; and in phase III the S1 stimulus was presented to assess whether an association between the two stimuli had been formed during the initial phase. Instead of a deficit, isolate subjects showed significantly more response transfer during phase III as compared to the controls. The superior performance displayed by isolates is viewed as resulting from a slower habituation to S1-S2 stimuli during preconditioning along with the perseveration of responses during testing. These findings support the notion that atypical cognitive processing across a lifespan is a consequence of early social impoverishment.
过去的研究表明，在正式学习测试情境中的表现方面，早期社会隔离的恒河猴对有害刺激表现出非典型反应、反应抑制缺陷、对强化意外情况的适应较慢以及在奇特性任务上的表现较低。12只成年恒河猴（猕猴），其中6只在19年前出生后的前9个月完全隔离饲养，6只正常社交饲养，在一种感觉预适应范式中接受测试。在第一阶段，两个中性刺激（S1-S2）以连续的方式配对；在第二阶段，S2刺激被条件化以引发惊吓反应；在第三阶段，呈现S1刺激以评估在初始阶段这两个刺激之间是否形成了关联。与对照组相比，隔离饲养的猴子在第三阶段表现出明显更多的反应转移，而不是缺陷。隔离饲养的猴子表现出的优越表现被认为是由于在预适应期间对S1-S2刺激的习惯化较慢以及在测试期间反应的持续存在。这些发现支持了这样一种观点，即一生中非典型的认知加工是早期社会贫困的结果。
