Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Int J Pharm Pract. 2021 May 25;29(3):203-209. doi: 10.1093/ijpp/riaa014.
Non-technical skills (NTS) are the cognitive and social skills that complement technical skills in safe and efficient practice, and include leadership, teamwork, task management, decision-making and situation awareness. Other areas within healthcare have heavily invested in producing taxonomies to aid training and assessment of NTS within their disciplines, and have found them to be essential for improving patient safety. In pharmacy, no validated taxonomy has been produced, nor has the existing literature been appraised to aid the future development of a validated taxonomy.
OBJECTIVE(S): To examine the literature on NTS within a community pharmacy setting and establish the research conducted thus far on each NTS and how they are applied by community pharmacists.
A literature search of six electronic databases (EMBASE, PsychINFO, Medline, SCOPUS, CINAHL Plus and HMIC) using the generic list of NTS identified in previous studies. Only empirical studies were included. Examples of behaviours or skills were extracted and categorised within each NTS.
Seventeen studies were identified that contained one or more examples of NTS specific to community pharmacy practice. Altogether, 16 elements were extracted. Four elements were identified within leadership and task management. A further three were identified within situation awareness and decision-making, and a final two within teamwork and communication.
A framework consisting of the skills and how they're applied has been presented which describe the NTS required by community pharmacists from the published literature. This framework can provide a foundation for further investigation into NTS use within pharmacy practice.
非技术技能（NTS）是在安全高效实践中补充技术技能的认知和社交技能，包括领导力、团队合作、任务管理、决策和情境意识。其他医疗保健领域在开发分类法以帮助培训和评估其学科中的 NTS 方面投入了大量资金，并发现这些分类法对于提高患者安全性至关重要。在药学中，尚未制定经过验证的分类法，也没有对现有文献进行评估，以帮助未来开发经过验证的分类法。
检查社区药房环境中 NTS 的文献，并确定迄今为止在每个 NTS 上进行的研究以及社区药剂师如何应用这些技能。
使用先前研究中确定的通用 NTS 清单，对六个电子数据库（EMBASE、PsychINFO、Medline、SCOPUS、CINAHL Plus 和 HMIC）进行文献检索。仅包括实证研究。从每个 NTS 中提取并分类行为或技能示例。
确定了 17 项包含社区药房实践特定的 NTS 示例的研究。总共提取了 16 个要素。领导力和任务管理中确定了四个要素。进一步确定了三个要素在情境意识和决策中，另外两个在团队合作和沟通中。
本文提出了一个由技能及其应用方式组成的框架，描述了社区药剂师从已发表文献中所需的 NTS。该框架可以为进一步研究药学实践中的 NTS 应用提供基础。
