School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Department of Economics and Management, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan, 030008, China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Aug;28(31):41912-41921. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13709-9. Epub 2021 Apr 1.
This empirical study investigates the dynamic effects of economic freedom on economic growth and air quality for Pakistan over the period 1990-2019. The ARDL results suggest that economic freedom and other variables do not have any visible impact on economic growth and pollution in the short-run. However, in the long-run, economic freedom significantly mitigates air pollution whereas inflation instability increases emissions. The NARDL results show that a partial sum of positive change in economic freedom is negatively linked with economic growth in the short term but has positive effect in the long term. However, the negative change in economic freedom has negative but insignificant impact on growth confirming asymmetric effects. The results for the pollution model show that a partial sum of positive change in economic freedom has positive impact on emissions both in the short and long-runs, whereas a negative change has no significant effect in the short-run and has negative impact in the long-run. Thus, economic freedom supports economic activities that, in turn, escalate emissions in the atmosphere.
本实证研究考察了 1990 年至 2019 年期间经济自由对巴基斯坦经济增长和空气质量的动态影响。ARDL 结果表明，经济自由和其他变量在短期内对经济增长和污染没有任何明显影响。然而，从长期来看，经济自由显著减轻了空气污染，而通货膨胀不稳定则增加了排放。NARDL 结果表明，经济自由的正向部分总和与短期经济增长呈负相关，但长期来看则具有积极影响。然而，经济自由的负向变化对增长产生负面影响但不显著，证实了非对称效应。污染模型的结果表明，经济自由的正向部分总和对短期和长期的排放都有积极影响，而负向变化在短期内没有显著影响，在长期内则有负面影响。因此，经济自由支持经济活动，而经济活动反过来又加剧了大气中的排放。
