Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Geosciences (AGW), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Geosciences (AGW), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
J Contam Hydrol. 2021 May;239:103791. doi: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103791. Epub 2021 Feb 26.
Thermal use of the shallow subsurface and its aquifers (< 400 m) is steadily increasing. Currently, more than 2800 aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) systems are operating worldwide alongside more than 1.2 million ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems in Europe alone. These rising numbers of shallow geothermal energy (SGE) systems will put additional pressure on typically vulnerable groundwater systems. Hitherto, suitable criteria to control the thermal use of groundwater in national and international legislations are often still at a preliminary state or even non-existing. While the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD) defined the release of heat into the groundwater as pollution in the year 2000, the cooling of groundwater for heating purposes is not explicitly mentioned yet. In contrast, some national legislations have stricter guidelines. For example, in Germany, detrimental changes in physical, chemical and biological characteristics have to be avoided. In the Swiss water ordinance, it is even recommended that the groundwater biocenosis should be kept in natural state. However, exact definitions of 'detrimental changes' and 'natural state' are still missing. Hence, the current study provides an overview on natural and affected thermal groundwater conditions and international and national legislations of the thermal use of groundwater. Also, it presents recent studies on groundwater ecosystems and proposes a sustainable policy framework for the thermal use of groundwater. In addition to geothermal heat sources, other anthropogenic heat sources such as climate change, underground car parks, heated basements, district heating systems, land fills, wastewater treatment plants and mining are considered, although no legislation on these anthropogenic heat sources and their impact on groundwater is currently in place. Finally, we intend to answer the above question and provide recommendations for the further discussions on the joint use of shallow groundwater systems for drinking water production and thermal use.
浅层地下水及其含水层（<400 米）的热能利用正在稳步增加。目前，全世界有超过 2800 个含水层热能储存（ATES）系统在运行，仅在欧洲就有超过 120 万个地源热泵（GSHP）系统。这些浅层地热能（SGE）系统数量的增加将给地下水系统带来额外的压力，这些地下水系统通常很脆弱。迄今为止，在国家和国际立法中，控制地下水热能利用的适当标准往往仍处于初步阶段，甚至不存在。虽然欧盟（EU）水框架指令（WFD）在 2000 年将地下水的热量释放定义为污染，但地下水的冷却用于供暖目前尚未明确提及。相比之下，一些国家立法有更严格的指导方针。例如，在德国，必须避免物理、化学和生物特性的不利变化。在瑞士水条例中，甚至建议保持地下水生物群落的自然状态。然而，“不利变化”和“自然状态”的确切定义仍然缺失。因此，本研究概述了地下水的自然和受影响的热条件以及地下水的热利用的国际和国家立法。它还介绍了地下水生态系统的最新研究，并为地下水的热能利用提出了一个可持续的政策框架。除了地热源外，还考虑了其他人为热源，如气候变化、地下停车场、加热地下室、区域供热系统、垃圾填埋场、污水处理厂和采矿，尽管目前尚无关于这些人为热源及其对地下水影响的立法。最后，我们旨在回答上述问题，并为进一步讨论浅层地下水系统用于饮用水生产和热能利用的联合使用提供建议。
