Towards Robust Robot Control in Cartesian Space Using an Infrastructureless Head- and Eye-Gaze Interface.

This paper presents a lightweight, infrastructureless head-worn interface for robust and real-time robot control in Cartesian space using head- and eye-gaze. The interface comes at a total weight of just 162 g. It combines a state-of-the-art visual simultaneous localization and mapping algorithm (ORB-SLAM 2) for RGB-D cameras with a Magnetic Angular rate Gravity (MARG)-sensor filter. The data fusion process is designed to dynamically switch between magnetic, inertial and visual heading sources to enable robust orientation estimation under various disturbances, e.g., magnetic disturbances or degraded visual sensor data. The interface furthermore delivers accurate eye- and head-gaze vectors to enable precise robot end effector (EFF) positioning and employs a head motion mapping technique to effectively control the robots end effector orientation. An experimental proof of concept demonstrates that the proposed interface and its data fusion process generate reliable and robust pose estimation. The three-dimensional head- and eye-gaze position estimation pipeline delivers a mean Euclidean error of 19.0±15.7 mm for head-gaze and 27.4±21.8 mm for eye-gaze at a distance of 0.3-1.1 m to the user. This indicates that the proposed interface offers a precise control mechanism for hands-free and full six degree of freedom (DoF) robot teleoperation in Cartesian space by head- or eye-gaze and head motion.