Hamza Veton, Stopar Bojan, Sterle Oskar
Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Jamova Cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Sensors (Basel). 2021 Mar 12;21(6):2029. doi: 10.3390/s21062029.
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) low-cost multi-frequency receivers are argued as an alternative to geodetic receivers for many applications. Calibrated low-cost antennas recently became available on the market making low-cost instruments more comparable with geodetic ones. The main goal of this research was to evaluate the noise of low-cost GNSS receivers, to compare the positioning quality from different types of low-cost antennas, and to analyze the positioning differences between low-cost and geodetic instruments. The results from a zero baseline test indicated that the u-blox multi-frequency receiver, namely, ZED-F9P, had low noise that was at the sub-millimeter level. To analyze the impact of the antennas in the obtained coordinates, a short baseline test was applied. Both tested uncalibrated antennas (Tallysman TW3882 and Survey) demonstrated satisfactory positioning performance. The Tallysman antenna was more accurate in the horizontal position determination, and the difference from the true value was only 0.1 mm; while, for the Survey antenna, the difference was 1.0 mm. For the ellipsoid height, the differences were 0.3 and 0.6 mm for the Survey and Tallysman antennas, respectively. The comparison of low-cost receivers with calibrated low-cost antennas (Survey Calibrated) and geodetic instruments proved better performance for the latter. The geodetic GNSS instruments were more accurate than the low-cost instruments, and the precision of the estimated coordinates from the geodetic network was also greater. Low-cost GNSS instruments were not at the same level as the geodetic ones; however, considering their cost, they demonstrated excellent performance that is sufficiently appropriate for various geodetic applications.
全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）低成本多频接收机被认为是许多应用中大地测量接收机的替代品。校准后的低成本天线最近已投放市场，使低成本仪器在性能上更能与大地测量仪器相媲美。本研究的主要目的是评估低成本GNSS接收机的噪声，比较不同类型低成本天线的定位质量，并分析低成本仪器与大地测量仪器之间的定位差异。零基线测试结果表明，u-blox多频接收机（即ZED-F9P）具有亚毫米级的低噪声。为了分析天线对所获坐标的影响，进行了短基线测试。两种未经校准的测试天线（泰利斯曼TW3882和Survey）均表现出令人满意的定位性能。泰利斯曼天线在水平位置测定上更精确，与真实值的差异仅为0.1毫米；而Survey天线的差异为1.0毫米。对于椭球高度，Survey天线和泰利斯曼天线的差异分别为0.3毫米和0.6毫米。将配备校准低成本天线（Survey Calibrated）的低成本接收机与大地测量仪器进行比较，结果表明后者性能更佳。大地测量GNSS仪器比低成本仪器更精确，大地测量网络估计坐标的精度也更高。低成本GNSS仪器虽未达到大地测量仪器的水平；然而，考虑到其成本，它们展现出了优异的性能，足以适用于各种大地测量应用。
