Department of Neurology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland.
Medicina (Kaunas). 2021 Mar 22;57(3):294. doi: 10.3390/medicina57030294.
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by chronic, unprovoked and recurrent seizures, which are the result of rapid and excessive bioelectric discharges in nerve cells. Neuroimaging is used to detect underlying structural abnormalities which may be associated with epilepsy. This paper reviews the most common abnormalities, such as hippocampal sclerosis, malformations of cortical development and vascular malformation, detected by neuroimaging in patients with epilepsy to help understand the correlation between these changes and the course, treatment and prognosis of epilepsy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals structural changes in the brain which are described in this review. Recent studies indicate the usefulness of additional imaging techniques. The use of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) improves surgical outcomes in MRI-negative cases of focal cortical dysplasia. Some techniques, such as quantitative image analysis, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), functional MRI (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and fibre tract reconstruction, can detect small malformations-which means that some of the epilepsies can be treated surgically. Quantitative susceptibility mapping may become the method of choice in vascular malformations. Neuroimaging determines appropriate diagnosis and treatment and helps to predict prognosis.
癫痫是一种常见的神经系统疾病，其特征为慢性、无诱因且反复发作的癫痫发作，这是由于神经细胞的快速和过度生物电放电引起的。神经影像学用于检测可能与癫痫相关的潜在结构异常。本文综述了神经影像学在癫痫患者中检测到的最常见的异常，如海马硬化、皮质发育畸形和血管畸形，以帮助理解这些变化与癫痫的病程、治疗和预后之间的关系。磁共振成像（MRI）揭示了大脑的结构变化，本文对此进行了描述。最近的研究表明，额外的成像技术是有用的。氟脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射断层扫描（FDG-PET）的使用提高了 MRI 阴性局灶性皮质发育不良病例的手术效果。一些技术，如定量图像分析、磁共振波谱（MRS）、功能磁共振成像（fMRI）、弥散张量成像（DTI）和纤维束重建，可以检测到微小的畸形，这意味着一些癫痫可以通过手术治疗。定量磁敏感图可能成为血管畸形的首选方法。神经影像学确定了适当的诊断和治疗，并有助于预测预后。
