Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, 400 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON, N9B3P4, Canada.
Psychol Res. 2022 Mar;86(2):642-650. doi: 10.1007/s00426-021-01509-2. Epub 2021 Apr 4.
For children, second-order planning in object manipulation, as demonstrated by the end-state comfort (ESC) effect, is constrained by numerous factors. As a step towards delineating the influence of object size, children (ages 6-10, n = 113) and adults (ages 18-25, n = 17) performed an overturned cup task with 8 cup sizes (4.7-8.4 cm diameter). Contrary to the hypothesis, cup size did not predict the overall proportion of trials with ESC. An increase in age and hand length did result in more ESC. Subsequent analyses with children, which focused on each cup size, revealed an increase in the ratio of hand size to cup size resulted in an increase in ESC with the 4.7, 5.2, 6.2, and 6.7 cm cups, age was a significant predictor with 4.7, 5.2, and 6.2 cm cups, and the interaction was significant for the 6.2 cm cup. No other significant results emerged. Together, findings offer preliminary support for the notion that object size does constrain children's motor planning skills to a certain degree (i.e., with large cups); however, further inquiry is warranted to elucidate the link between object size and hand size in children's performance of tasks requiring second-order planning.
对于儿童来说，物体操纵中的二阶规划（如末端状态舒适（ESC）效应所示）受到许多因素的限制。为了阐明物体大小的影响，儿童（6-10 岁，n=113）和成人（18-25 岁，n=17）进行了一项翻转杯子任务，涉及 8 种杯子大小（直径 4.7-8.4 厘米）。与假设相反，杯子大小并没有预测 ESC 的总体比例。年龄和手长的增加确实导致了更多的 ESC。随后对儿童进行的分析侧重于每个杯子的大小，结果显示手的大小与杯子的大小的比值增加会导致 4.7、5.2、6.2 和 6.7 厘米杯子的 ESC 增加，年龄是 4.7、5.2 和 6.2 厘米杯子的显著预测因子，而 6.2 厘米杯子的交互作用显著。没有出现其他显著结果。总之，这些发现初步支持了这样一种观点，即物体大小确实在一定程度上限制了儿童的运动规划技能（即大杯子）；然而，需要进一步研究来阐明在需要二阶规划的任务中，物体大小和手的大小之间的联系。
